康定北部高原构造岩溶发育特征与地下水径流带识别

马剑飞; 付昌昌; 张春潮; 白占学

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0017

康定北部高原构造岩溶发育特征与地下水径流带识别

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0017

马剑飞^{a, b,},
付昌昌^{a, b},
张春潮^{a, b},
白占学^{a, b}

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 20190505

中国地质调查局项目 DD20201123

中国地质调查局项目 DD20211374

详细信息

作者简介:
马剑飞(1987-), 男, 助理研究员, 主要从事水文地质工程地质的研究工作。E-mail: majianfei@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P641;P642
计量
- 文章访问数: 394
- PDF下载量: 29
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-19
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-02

Plateau tectonic karst development characteristics and underground conduits identification in the northern part of Kangding

Ma Jianfei^{a, b
,},
Fu Changchang^{a, b},
Zhang Chunchao^{a, b},
Bai Zhanxue^{a, b}

摘要

摘要: 受自然环境和技术方法制约，青藏高原岩溶发育演化和岩溶地下水循环特征研究相对薄弱，制约了青藏高原碳酸盐岩区的经济发展、民生设施建设和地质灾害防治。通过野外地质测量，岩溶地下水、地表水和大气降水水化学和同位素特征分析，泉水流量动态，水均衡计算和物探等技术方法，系统分析了四川省康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布区的岩溶发育特征，识别了岩溶径流通道和岩溶大泉主要补给来源。结果表明：康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布于高山峡谷地貌类型区，可溶岩地层分布、岩溶发育程度和岩溶水补给、径流、排泄均受构造控制，可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带和活动断裂附近的岩溶发育程度较强。岩溶水呈管道流径流，主要以岩溶大泉形式集中排泄，泉流量约1.5×10⁴ m³/d且动态较为稳定。通过水文地质条件分析，识别出研究区存在通化组岩溶水径流带和雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带。水化学-同位素数据、岩溶泉流量动态和水均衡计算结果显示，雅拉河河水是岩溶大泉的主要补给源，岩溶地下水主要沿雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带径流并集中排泄。
- 高原构造岩溶 /
- 鲜水河断裂 /
- 岩溶水径流带 /
- 青藏高原 /
- 康定市
Abstract: Restricted by the natural environment and technical methods, the study on the evolution characteristics of karst development and the karst groundwater cycle process in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is relatively weak, which restricts the economic development, construction of livelihood facilities and the prevention and control of geological disasters.This paper systematically analyzes the karst development characteristics of the carbonate rock distribution area in the northern part of Kangding in Sichuan Province through the methods of geological survey, chemistry-isotope characteristics analysis of karst groundwater, surface water and precipitation water, spring water flow dynamics and water balance calculations.And the karst runoff zone was identified.The results show that the carbonate rocks in the northern part of Kangding are distributed in the alpine valley area.The distribution of karst strata, the degree of karst development, karst water supply and runoff are mainly controlled by structures.The degree of karst development on the contact zone of soluble and non-soluble rocks and the vicinity of active faults is relatively strong.The karst water flows as pipeline runoff, which is mainly discharged in the form of karst springs.The spring flow is about 1.5×10⁴ m³/d and the flow dynamics are relatively stable.Through the analysis of hydrogeological conditions, the karst water runoff zone of the Tonghua Formation and the karst water runoff zone of the Yala River fault have been identified.Hydrochemistry-isotopic data, karst spring flow dynamics and water balance calculation results show that Yala River water is the main source of replenishment for large karst springs.Karst groundwater mainly flows downstream along the karst water runoff zone of the Yala River fault and is discharged in a concentrated manner.
- plateau tectonic karst /
- Xianshuihe fault /
- karst water runoff zone /
- Qinghai-Xizang Plateau /
- Kangding City

HTML全文

图 1 研究区水文地质简图

Z₂w.蜈蚣口组；Z₂s.水晶组；St.通化组；SM.茂县群；Dw.危关组；DCx.雪宝顶组；P₂s.三道桥组；P₃d.大石包组；T.三叠系；Q₄.第四系；βμ.辉绿玢岩；F₁.雅拉河断裂；F_2-1, F_2-2, F_2-3.跑马山断裂及其分支断裂；F₃.孟清断裂；F₄.莲花山断裂；F₅.鱼司通断裂；F₆.宋家沟断裂；C₁双石板棚坡向斜

Figure 1. Hydrogeological sketch map of the study area

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图 2 研究区A-B剖面图(剖面位置见图 1，地层同图 1)

Figure 2. Geological profile A-B in the study area

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图 3 研究区岩溶现象对比

a.跑马山断裂分支断裂附近St²灰岩垂向溶蚀裂隙；b.宋家沟断裂附近St²灰岩溶蚀孔洞；c.海船石梁Z₂s大理岩；d.雅拉乡政府附近St³灰岩

Figure 3. Comparison of karst phenomena in the study area

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图 4 清泉村岩溶泉

a.编号PM01；b.编号PM02

Figure 4. Karst springs in Qingquan village

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图 5 瞬变电磁法物探剖面图(剖面位置见图 1)

Figure 5. Geophysical profile of transient electromagnetic

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图 6 水化学Piper三线图

Figure 6. Piper diagram of hydrochemistry

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图 7 雅拉河河水流经可溶岩段沿程ρ(TDS)变化

Figure 7. Changes of TDS value along the soluble rock section of the Yala River

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图 8 水样δD和δ¹⁸O关系图(GMWL，Global Meteoric Water Line，全球大气降水线；LMWL，Local Meteoric Water Line，区域大气降水线，引自文献[30])

Figure 8. Relation diagram of δD versus δ¹⁸O of water samples

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图 9 清泉村岩溶泉多期流量数据(a)与PM02号泉流量动态数据(b)

Figure 9. Multi-period flow data of karst springs in Qingquan village (a) and flow dynamic data of karst spring numbered PM02(b)

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图 10 水均衡计算区域划定

a.地表水分水岭与地下分水岭一致；b.地表水分水岭与地下分水岭不一致

Figure 10. Zoning of water balance calculation

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图 11 清泉村岩溶地下水补径排示意图

Figure 11. Schematic diagram of karst groundwater circulation in Qingquan

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表 1 研究区主要地层岩性

Table 1. Stratigraphic lithology in the study area

地层年代	群组	代号	厚度/m	岩性
全新统		Q₄	0~40	崩坡积、冲洪积砂砾石、含砾砂泥层
二叠系	大石包组	P₃d	472~2 451	炭质板岩、中-基性火山碎屑岩
二叠系	三道桥组	P₂s	76	含泥质结晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩，中下部夹含砾石英砂岩、板岩
石炭系	雪宝顶组	DCx	40~148	下部为片理化硅质结晶灰岩，上部为结晶灰岩与砂质结晶灰岩互层
泥盆系	危关组	Dw	600~4 898	下部以炭硅质板岩为主，上部以粉砂质板岩为主，夹结晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩
志留系	茂县群	SM	432	下部为绢云千枚岩，中上部为白云岩
	通化组	St^2-3	500~2 000	结晶灰岩、泥质条带结晶灰岩、大理岩
	通化组	St¹	113~581	二云片岩、黑云片岩为主，夹炭质板岩、大理岩
震旦系	水晶组	Z₂s	107~1 115	白云岩、白云质大理岩、结晶灰岩
震旦系	蜈蚣口组	Z₂w	35~364	千枚岩、石英岩、凝灰质砂岩，夹少量白云岩、白云质灰岩
	康定杂岩体			花岗岩、角闪岩、闪长岩等

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表 2 研究区岩溶泉出露高程与流量(2021年5月)

Table 2. Altitude and flow rate(in May, 2021) of karst springs in the study area

编号	出露高程/m	流量/(m³·d^-1)
PM01	2 455	3 939.8
PM02	2 450	10 558.1
PM10	3 920	5.0
PM11	3 522	5.5
PM27	2 528	190.1
PM29	2 478	43.2
PM33	2 471	34.3
SNC	3 080	60.5

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表 3 水化学与同位素测试结果

Table 3. Test results of hydrochemical components and isotopes

水体类型	数据项	水化学指标^*									同位素指标
		K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	HCO₃^-	TDS	pH	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰
		ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)								pH	δ²H/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰
岩溶泉	最大值	3.02	9.72	76.32	23.13	2.44	85.46	237.50	319.00	8.45	-101.00	-14.20
	最小值	0.21	0.79	30.88	6.55	1.74	4.34	118.50	133.00	7.14	-115.00	-15.90
	平均值	1.15	3.71	46.01	13.42	1.89	32.80	169.18	193.19	7.68	-107.13	-14.95
温泉^**	最大值	30.30	316.00	267.80	49.40	75.60	116.50	1 202.00	1 299.00	7.50	-113.00	-14.30
	最小值	14.80	144.80	20.50	1.40	45.41	1.60	403.00	440.00	6.40
	平均值	22.17	214.28	77.17	19.71	57.24	45.73	753.43	788.17	6.87
地表水	最大值	1.94	10.60	43.60	6.79	2.79	57.39	123.80	175.10	7.62	-89.00	-12.80
	最小值	0.03	0.06	1.13	0.24	0.05	0.08	1.16	37.62	7.12	-113.00	-15.70
	平均值	1.00	4.43	20.21	3.96	1.58	14.93	74.17	106.29	7.37	-106.67	-14.92
雨水		0.26	0.20	1.21	< 0.013	1.75	1.61	11.96	13.54	6.42	-71.00	-10.40
积雪		0.93	3.18	8.89	1.17	6.01	1.57	30.80	40.00	6.86	-116.00	-15.80
注：: , * 统计了文献[29]测试数据

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表 4 大气降水入渗补给量计算结果

Table 4. Calculationresult of replenishment of atmospheric precipitation infiltration

计算单元	地表水分水岭与地下水分水岭一致				地表水分水岭与地下水分水岭不一致
计算单元	面积/km²	降水量/mm	入渗系数	补给量/(m³·d^-1)	面积/km²	降水量/mm	入渗系数	补给量/(m³·d^-1)
St³分布区	2.84	850.8	0.10	662	5.43	850.8	0.10	1 266
St²分布区	5.75	850.8	0.25	3 351	10.10	850.8	0.25	5 874
St¹分布区	2.40	850.8	0.03	168	3.88	850.8	0.03	271
Z₂s分布区	3.40	850.8	0.20	1 585	3.92	850.8	0.20	1 827
总计		-		5 766		-		9 239

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