Advances of ICDP lake scientific drilling program
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摘要: 气候变化与全球环境是地学界的热点之一。最能反映全球或局部气候变化与环境的高分辨率沉积记录大多保存在大陆内部的湖相沉积中, 特别是具有较长寿命的湖相沉积中。因此，湖泊环境科学及湖泊环境科学钻探作为开展此类研究最为直接的技术手段，一直以来都受到国内外学术界的高度关注。在介绍湖泊科学钻探技术难点的基础上, 以国际大陆科学钻探计划(ICDP)资助的已完成的12个湖泊钻探项目为例，对2000年以来ICDP在气候变化与全球环境研究领域的重要进展进行了综述，并对未来的主要湖泊科学钻探计划进行了简要的概述。Abstract: Climate change and the global environment are new focuses in geosciences. High-resolution sedimentary records that best reflect global or local climate change and the environment are mostly stored in continental lacustrine deposits within the continent, especially in lacustrine deposits with a long lifespan. Therefore, lake environmental science and lake environmental science drilling are the most direct technical means to study these records and so are highly concerned by academic circles. Based on the introduction of the technical difficulties of lake scientific drilling, taking 12 lake drilling projects funded by International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) as the examples, this paper summarizes the important progress in the field of climate dynamics and global environments research since 2000. Then, the paper provides a brief overview of the future major scientific drilling program for lakes.
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Key words:
- lake drilling /
- scientific drilling /
- ICDP /
- climate change
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图 1 部分ICDP资助的湖泊钻探项目在全球的分布[5]
大圆点代表已开展地下生物圈研究的钻孔；小圆点是没有针对地下生物圈研究的钻孔
Figure 1. Map showing already drilled and planned ICDP sites with different levels of subsurface biosphere studies
图 2 利用直升飞机进行湖面钻井平台搭建及湖上钻探现场
Figure 2. Building-a lake drilling platform and drilling site by a helicopter (by ICDP website)
图 3 Junín湖钻探钻孔设计位置(1, 2, 3为取心编号)
Figure 3. The Lake Jun′in with proposed coring localities
图 6 DSDDP死海盆地钻探位置[11]
Figure 6. The Dead Sea Basin and the location of the ICDP-DSDDP drilling site
图 7 使用超前取心钻具在湖底以下300 m左右深度获取的湖心
从上到下，岩心显示从砾石(顶部岩心)到细粒盐层(中间岩心)交错的泥灰岩的变化。这表明当时钻井现场离海岸非常接近，波浪盐图案岩心被认为是盐流的作用
Figure 7. Drill cores in liners recovered at depth around 300 m below lake floor(by ICDP website)
图 8 数字高程模型(A)、投影到5月份El′gygytgyn湖北面的全景钻探地点位置(B)、El′gygytgyn湖的位置(C)
Figure 8. Digital elevation model(A), drill site locations, projected onto a panoramic view of Lake El′gygytgyn in May facing north(B), and location of Lake El′gygytgyn(C)
图 9 Laguna Potrok Aike的水深测量图与航拍照片的综合地质数据[18]
Figure 9. Bathymetric map of Laguna Potrok Aike merged with an aerial photograph and geological data
图 10 使用GLAD800钻井系统的R/V Kerry Kelts平台
Figure 10. Platform R/V Kerry Kelts with the GLAD800 drilling system(by ICDP website)
图 11 Viphya钻探驳船在马拉威湖中心施工
Figure 11. The Viphya drilling barge in central Lake Malawi(by ICDP website)
图 13 GLAD-800湖泊钻探船在Bosumtwi湖上
Figure 13. The GLAD-800 lake drilling system on Lake Bosumtwi(by ICDP website)
表 1 ICDP在各大洲资助的湖泊科学钻探项目
Table 1. List of ICDP-funded lake scientific drilling project
大洲 项目 亚洲 死海(以色列)
贝加尔湖(俄罗斯)
El′gygytgyn湖(俄罗斯)
伊塞克湖(吉尔吉斯斯坦)
纳木错(中国)(计划中)
青海湖(中国)
Towuti湖(印度尼西亚)
Ohau湖(新西兰)中北美洲 切萨皮克湾(美国)
Chalco湖(墨西哥)
PeténItzá湖(危地马拉)南美洲 Potrok Aike湖(阿根廷)
胡宁湖(秘鲁)
缇缇喀喀湖(玻利维亚)非洲 东非大裂谷马拉威湖(埃塞俄比亚，肯尼亚)
留尼旺(法国)
博苏姆特维湖(加纳)
乍得湖(乍得)(计划中)
香奈拉湖(肯尼亚，坦桑尼亚)
马拉维湖(马拉维)欧洲 奥赫里德湖(马其顿)
凡湖(土耳其)
北海(荷兰)
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表 2 DeepCHALLA工程概况
Table 2. DeepCHALLA proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 1(6) 钻进长度/m 422.50 取心长度/m 422.49 岩心长度/m 405.40 岩心长度/取心长度/% 95.95 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 95.95
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表 3 Towuti工程概况
Table 3. Towuti proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 3(11) 钻进长度/m 1 290.3 取心长度/m 1 198.3 岩心长度/m 1 009.9 岩心长度/取心长度/% 84.28 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 78.27
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表 4 JUNIN工程概况
Table 4. JUNIN proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 3(11) 钻进长度/m 562.90 取心长度/m 562.86 岩心长度/m 459.16 岩心长度/取心长度/% 81.57 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 81.57
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表 5 SCOPSCO工程概况
Table 5. SCOPSCO proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 6(13) 最深钻进长度/m 568.92 岩心长度/m 544.88 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 95.77 最深孔位置水深/m 243
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表 6 PALEOVAN工程概况
Table 6. PALEOVAN proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 3(10) 钻进长度/m 865 取心长度/m 865 岩心长度/m 522 岩心长度/取心长度/% 60.35 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 60.35
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表 7 DSDDP工程概况
Table 7. DSDDP proposal abstract
地质年代 新近纪至第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 2(12) 钻进长度/m 1 087.2 取心长度/m 922.4 岩心长度/m 721.2 岩心长度/取心长度/% 78.19 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 66.34
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表 8 GYGY工程概况
Table 8. GYGY proposal abstract
地质年代 上新世至第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 1(3) 钻进长度/m 775.9 取心长度/m 685.5 岩心长度/m 512.3 岩心长度/取心长度/% 74.73 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 66.03 时间段：永久冻土钻探(D3孔) 2008年10月底-12月初 时间段：湖泊和岩石钻探(D1、D2孔) 2009年1月-5月
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表 9 钻井现场的位置、水深和钻孔深度(湖底以下)以及湖心采收率
Table 9. Location of drill sites, water and penetration depths as well as core recovery rate
孔位 纬度/(°) 经度/(°) 水深/m 进尺/m 平均取心率/% Hole A(孔A) Hole B(孔B) Hole C(孔C) Hole D(孔D) PTA-1 51.964 03 70.375 95 98 88.1 71 62.3 100.4 92.1 PTA-2 51.970 53 70.375 51 95 88.5 21.1 101.5 98.8
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表 10 PASADO工程概况
Table 10. PASADO proposal abstract
地质年代 更新世 钻探点数(钻孔数) 2(14) 钻进长度/m 1 271.2 取心长度/m 540.10 岩心长度/m 509.94 岩心长度/取心长度/% 94.42 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 40.11
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表 11 LMDP工程概况
Table 11. LMDP proposal abstract
地质年代 更新世 钻探点数(钻孔数) 2(7) 钻进长度/m 623 取心长度/m 616 岩心长度/m 573 岩心长度/取心长度/% 93.02 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 91.97
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表 12 PISDP工程概况
Table 12. PISDP proposal abstract
地质年代 更新世 钻探点数(钻孔数) 7(21) 钻进长度/m 1 533.6 取心长度/m 1 419.6 岩心长度/m 1 400.4 岩心长度/取心长度/% 98.65 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 91.31
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表 13 BCDP工程概况
Table 13. BCDP proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 6(16) 钻进长度/m 428.10 取心长度/m 430.76 岩心长度/m 338.95 岩心长度/取心长度/% 78.69 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 79.17
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表 14 LQDP工程概况
Table 14. LQDP proposal abstract
地质年代 第四纪 钻探点数(钻孔数) 5(18) 钻进长度/m 845.0 取心长度/m 582.9 岩心长度/m 323.3 岩心长度/取心长度/% 55.46 岩心长度/钻进长度/% 38.26
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