Model tests of the vertical ground deformation measurement of landslide based on multiple UAV images and its application
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摘要:
滑坡地质灾害严重威胁人民生命财产安全，滑坡地表竖向变形测量属于滑坡监测与预警的重要组成部分。近年来，国内外学者开始尝试使用多期无人机影像开展滑坡地表变形监测，然而基于多期无人机影像的滑坡地表竖向变形测量精度研究却相对较少。首先通过大量室外模型试验，对CloudCompare、Global Mapper和PolyWorks三款软件地表竖向变形识别的结果进行了对比和研究；在此基础上，定量分析了三款软件地表竖向变形测量的精度。研究结果表明：当无人机影像分辨率优于3.0cm/像素，三款软件均能识别5.0cm及以上的地表竖向变形；在不同地表竖向变形工况下，Global Mapper地表竖向变形测量结果最为精确与稳定，竖向变形测量的中误差总体上分布于1.5~4.0 cm之间。三款软件地表竖向变形测量的中误差和测量误差的均值及标准差均与地表竖向变形值不呈现明显相关性，同时地表竖向变形量测误差均近似满足正态分布，因此可选取测量误差的95%置信区间对地表竖向变形测量结果进行修正。在此基础之上，运用Global Mapper软件开展了黑方台党川段滑坡地表竖向变形识别与测量应用，结果表明Global Mapper软件能较为准确地识别出滑坡变形区域并圈定其位置。
Abstract:The safety of people and property in mountainous regions can be affected by landslides, and measurement of vertical ground formation is a vital component of landslide monitoring and forecasting. Over the past few years, UAV images have gained increasing popularity in the landslide monitoring; however, studies on the measurement accuracy of UAV image-based landslide surface deformation monitoring are relatively limited. In this study, a series of outdoor model tests are conducted to investigate the measurement accuracy of the digital difference-based software of CloudCompare, Global Mapper, and PolyWorks in UAV image-based vertical ground deformation measurement. The results indicate that when the resolution of the input UAV image is better than 3.0 cm/pixel, all the selected software can recognize the ground deformation zones with vertical ground deformation larger than 5.0 cm; under different vertical ground deformation scenarios, the vertical ground deformation measurement obtained with Global Mapper tends to be more accurate, and the medium error of the measurement ranges from 1.5 cm to 4.0 cm. Neither the medium error of measurement nor the standard deviation of measurement error is greatly affected by the magnitude of vertical ground deformation. The statistical analysis of measurement error suggests that the measurement errors of the selected software all follow normal distributions; then, based on the statistics of the measurement errors, the 95% confidence intervals of the vertical ground deformations obtained from the selected software could be obtained. Furthermore, Global Mapper software is applied to identify and measure the vertical deformation of the Dangchuan landslides in Heifangtai, and the results indicate that this software can accurately identify the landslide deformation area and locate the related ranges.
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Key words:
- landslide /
- vertical ground deformation /
- UAV images /
- model test /
- digital difference
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图 1 滑坡地表竖向变形测量原理图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the vertical ground deformation measurement of the landslide surface
图 3 试验区域无人机航测航线规划与地面控制点布设方案
Figure 3. Design of flight route ground control points in the UAV photogrammetry
图 4 3款软件地表竖向变形识别结果
Figure 4. Vertical ground deformations of the ground surface obtained from three selected software
图 5 CloudCompare与Global Mapper地表竖向变形区域位置圈定示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of identification of vertical ground deformation zone with CloudCompare and Global Mapper
图 6 3款软件各试验工况地表竖向变形测量的中误差
Figure 6. Medium errors in measuring the vertical ground deformation of the 3 selected software
图 7 地表竖向变形为30.0 cm时对应的3款软件测量误差统计直方图
Figure 7. Histograms of the errors in measuring the vertical ground deformation of the 3 selected software with 30.0 cm vertical ground deformation
图 8 3款软件各试验工况地表竖向变形测量误差均值(a)和标准偏差(b)
Figure 8. Statistics of the errors in measuring the vertical ground deformation of the 3 selected software
图 9 3款软件测量误差统计直方图(地表竖向变形值为5.0~50.0 cm)
Figure 9. Histograms of the errors in measuring the vertical ground deformation of the 3 selected software(the vertical ground deformation varies from 5.0 cm to 50.0 cm)
图 11 党川滑坡地表竖向变形识别(a)和变形区域位置圈定结果(b)
Figure 11. Identification of the vertical ground deformation (a) and location of the deformed areas (b) of the Dangchuan landslides
表 1 室外模型试验目标对象参数
Table 1. Parameters setting of the testing objects adopted in the outdoor model test
目标对象 长/cm 宽/cm 高/cm 相对变形量/cm 测量工具 参考目标对象 200.0 50.0 10.0 卷尺测量 变动目标对象1 200.0 50.0 5.0 5.0 变动目标对象2 200.0 50.0 10.0 10.0 变动目标对象3 200.0 50.0 20.0 20.0 变动目标对象4 200.0 50.0 30.0 30.0 变动目标对象5 200.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 变动目标对象6 200.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 
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