海底麻坑的特征、分类与成因机制

沈奥; 孙启良; 蔡砥柱; 邢子浩

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0144

海底麻坑的特征、分类与成因机制

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0144

1.
中国地质大学(武汉)海洋地质资源湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430074
2.
中国地质调查局海口海洋地质调查中心, 海口 570100

基金项目:

中国地质调查局地质调查项目 DD20211554

详细信息

作者简介:
沈奥(1994—), 男, 现正攻读海洋科学专业博士学位, 主要从事海底流体运移模拟研究工作。E-mail: cugshen@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
孙启良(1984—), 男, 教授, 博士生导师, 主要从事海洋地质灾害研究工作。E-mail: sunqiliang@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P588.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-20

Characteristics, classification and genetic mechanism of pockmarks

Shen Ao^1
,,
Sun Qiliang^{1
, ,},
Cai Dizhu²,
Xing Zihao²

1.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Haikou Marine Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Haikou 570100, China

摘要

摘要:
海底麻坑是由超压流体溢出海底时侵蚀海底沉积物所形成的一种负地貌, 其广泛分布于各种水下构造环境(如大陆边缘盆地和增生楔等)。综合近年有关海底麻坑的研究成果, 依据麻坑形状、直径、长宽比、空间分布以及垂向充填方式等特征, 对其类型进行了系统划分, 详细介绍了麻坑形成的主要条件及影响因素(如底辟、断层等), 深入阐释了麻坑的成因机制。麻坑形成过程中, 地层中的局部异常流体压力(超压)是最为关键的条件和驱动因素。根据地层中超压形成和释放过程的快慢, 可以将麻坑的成因机制划分为渐进型、突发型和混合型3类。渐进型麻坑形成过程中, 地层超压的形成和释放的过程较为缓慢; 突发型麻坑形成过程中地层超压形成和释放的过程较快; 混合型麻坑的形成过程介于二者之间。鉴于麻坑在形成过程中受到海水和下伏地层等多种因素的共同影响, 未来十分有必要对海底深部地层中“超压形成-流体聚集-垂向运移至海底表面并逸散-形成麻坑”的整个动态过程展开物理和数值模拟研究, 进一步建立海底麻坑形成模式。
- 海底麻坑 /
- 分类 /
- 影响因素 /
- 成因机制
Abstract:
Pockmarks are a kind of negative geomorphology formed by overpressure fluid spilling from the seabed. They are widely distributed in various underwater tectonic environments (such as continental margin basins and accretion wedges). Based on the recent research progress and achievements of pockmarks, this paper systematically divides the types of pockmarks according to their shapes, diameters, length width ratios, distribution characteristics and vertical filling modes. Moreover, this paper detailed introduces the main conditions and influence factors (such as diapir and fault)and deeply analyzes the genetic mechanisms of pockmarks. The local abnormal fluid pressure (overpressure) is the key factor to trigger the formation of pockmarks. According to the formation and leakage speed of overpressure during pockmark formation, the genetic mechanisms of pockmarks can bedivided into progressive, sudden and transitional three types. In the progressive formation model, both the formation and leakage processes of overpressure are slow. Whilst in the sudden formation model, the formation and leakage processes of overpressure are fast. For the transitional model, the formation and leakage processes of overpressure are faster than those of the progressive model but slower than those of the sudden model. The formation of pockmarks is affected by many factors, such as seawater and underlying strata. The physical and numerical simulation of dynamic overpressure formation and vertical migration to the seabed may be the future study directions of pockmarks.
- pockmark /
- classification /
- influencing factor /
- genetic mechanism

HTML全文

图 1 不同形状麻坑的典型平面形态和三维特征(据文献[29, 35]修改)

Figure 1. Typical plan-view and three-dimensional characteristics of different pockmarks

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图 2 典型圆形麻坑的形成机制(据文献[7, 22, 37]修改)

Figure 2. Formation mechanisms of typical circular pockmarks

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图 3 拉长形麻坑的形成过程(据文献[13]修改)

Figure 3. Formation processes of elongated pockmarks

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图 4 环形麻坑的形成过程示意图(据文献[36]修改)

Figure 4. Formation processes of ring-shape pockmarks

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图 5 链状麻坑示意图(据文献[46]修改)

Figure 5. The schematic diagram of chain pockmarks

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图 6 麻坑的地震剖面及解释图(据文献[53]修改)

Figure 6. Seismic sections and their interpreted drawings of pockmarks

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图 7 麻坑内流速与相对沉积速率的关系概念图(据文献[53, 56]修改)

Figure 7. Conceptual diagram showing the interpretation of bottom current velocity versus relative sedimentation rates inside within pockmarks

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图 8 巴西桑托斯盆地盐底辟构造上方麻坑的地震剖面图(据文献[66]修改)

Figure 8. Seismic section of pockmarks above salt diapir structure in the Santos Basin, Brazil

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图 9 南海中建盆地岩浆底辟构造上方麻坑的地震剖面图(据文献[51]修改)

Figure 9. Seismic section of pockmarks above the magmatic structure in the Zhongjian Basin of South China Sea

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图 10 流体输运系统和麻坑模型(据文献[67]修改)

Figure 10. Model of fluid transport system and pockmark

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图 11 尼日尔三角洲西部斜坡上海底峡谷内形成麻坑的地震剖面图(据文献[68]修改)

Figure 11. Seismic section of canyon-confined pockmarks on the western Niger Delta slope

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图 12 推进型麻坑形成过程模型(据文献[53]修改)

a.初始基底麻坑的形成; b.基底麻坑被充填; c.麻坑上游侧细粒沉积物因底部涡流作用而重新悬浮，粗泥沙在下游侧积累; d.底流强度减弱，半深海物质沉积，麻坑堆叠前进

Figure 12. Model for the development of advancing pockmarks

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图 13 受古水道控制的麻坑形成过程示意图

a.地层中超压形成; b.地层封闭失效，超压释放; c.流体逸出，冲击周边沉积物，洋流将沉积物搬离而形成麻坑

Figure 13. Formation processes of chain pockmarks controlled by buried channel

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图 14 形成麻坑的主要因素和机制示意图

Figure 14. Main controlling factors and mechanisms of pockmark formation

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