Preliminary study on the initiation mechanism of hydrodynamic-driven bedding rock landslides based on physical model tests
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摘要:
动水驱动型顺层岩质滑坡数量多、灾害频发、危害大, 是滑坡地质灾害领域的研究重点, 但目前对于滑坡启滑机制的认识仍不充分, 滑坡的准确预报还面临巨大挑战。鉴于此, 以含软弱夹层的中倾角顺层岩质滑坡为研究对象, 通过构建理想的单层滑带滑坡物理模型, 开展了一系列动水作用下的滑坡模型试验研究。结果表明, 动水作用下顺层岩质滑坡从开始变形至失稳滑动需经历初始变形、缓慢变形、加速变形和失稳破坏4个阶段, 而各个阶段的演化特征与滑面粗糙度和倾角密切相关。滑面倾角越大或粗糙度越小, 滑坡体从开始变形至失稳滑动所需的时间则越短; 相应地, 坡体加速变形阶段越不明显, 滑坡破坏的突发性越强。滑带内的渗流冲蚀作用会使滑带土中的骨料流失, 导致其抗剪强度降低, 进而引发坡体滑动。与此同时, 上覆坡体的压剪作用以及变形演化过程亦将反过来影响冲蚀强度。基于滑带土黏聚力随水力梯度和冲蚀时间的变化关系, 提出了渗流驱动下滑带土黏聚力演化模型, 可较好地描述滑带土黏聚力的退化过程。滑面粗糙度的存在不仅显著影响了滑带的冲蚀劣化规律, 还改变了滑带不同区域的破坏模式。此外, 通过考虑滑面粗糙度对滑带不同区域破坏模式的影响, 开展了动水多效应关联分析, 建立了滑坡地质体力学分析模型, 实现了动水作用下顺层岩质滑坡动态稳定性的有效评估。本研究成果可为实际动水驱动型顺层岩质滑坡的预测和防治提供理论参考。
Abstract:Hydrodynamic-driven bedding rock landslides are the focus of research in the field of landslide geological hazards due to their large number, frequent disasters, and excessive harm. However, the understanding of the initiation mechanism of landslides is still insufficient, and the accurate prediction of landslides still faces great challenges. Because of this, this paper takes moderate-dip angle bedding rock landslides with weak interlayers as the research object and conducts a series of landslide model tests under the action of hydrodynamics by constructing an ideal single-layer landslide physical model. On this basis, the macroscopic deformation evolution process of the landslide and the erosion degradation characteristics of the slide zone soil is analyzed in depth. The results show that the failure of bedding rock landslides is associated with the slip surface roughness and dip angle and can go through four stages: the initial deformation stage, uniform deformation stage, accelerated deformation stage, and failure stage.The seepage erosion in the sliding zone causes the loss of aggregates, which reduces the shear strength and causes the slope to slide. Simultaneously, the compression-shear action and the deformation of the overlying slope also adversely affect erosion strength.Based on the variation law of soil cohesion in the sliding zone with hydraulic gradient and erosion time, a seepage-driven evolution model of soil cohesion in the sliding zone is proposed, which can describe the degradation process of soil cohesion in the sliding zone well. The existence of sliding surface roughness not only significantly affects the deterioration law of the sliding zone, but also changes the failure modes of different regions of the sliding zone. By considering the influence of the roughness on the failure modes of different areas of the sliding zone, the multi-effect correlation analysis of dynamic water is carried out, and the mechanical model of the landslide is established, which realizes the effective evaluation of the dynamic stability of the landslide. The research achievements in this study can provide a theoretical reference for predicting and preventing actual hydrodynamic-driven bedding rock landslides.
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图 3 滑体底部粗糙体布设示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the rough body layout at the bottom of the sliding mass
图 4 滑带土冲蚀和直剪实验流程
Figure 4. Experimental procedure for erosion and direct shear of sliding zone soil
图 5 动水作用下滑坡宏观变形过程
Figure 5. Macroscopic deformation process of the landslide under hydrodynamic action
图 6 动水作用下坡体的累计位移演化曲线
Figure 6. Cumulative displacement evolution curve of the sliding mass under hydrodynamic action
图 8 滑带土黏聚力c(a)和内摩擦角φ(b)随水力梯度和时间的演化规律
c0, φ0为滑带土初始黏聚力和初始内摩擦角
Figure 8. Variation in cohesion (a) and internal friction angle (b) of sliding zone soil with hydraulic gradient and time
图 9 不同工况下的模型试验结束后滑带土力学参数的差异对比
c0, φ0为滑带土初始黏聚力和初始内摩擦角
Figure 9. Comparison of the mechanical parameters of sliding zone soil after the model test with different conditions
图 10 滑面倾角为28°时不同粗糙度下滑带后缘的结构劣化特征
Figure 10. Structural deterioration characteristics of the trailing edge of different roughness sliding zones for the case of a sliding surface inclination of 28°
图 11 不同工况下滑带土黏聚力预测值与实测值的相对误差
Figure 11. Relative error between the predicted and measured cohesion values of sliding zone soil for different conditions
图 12 滑坡地质体力学分析与计算
T.下滑力；G.坡体重力；F.抗滑力；P.底部扬压力；L.滑面长度；ρ.坡体密度；g.重力加速度；zw.后缘水头高度
Figure 12. Mechanical analysis and calculation of landslides
图 13 不同粗糙度条件下滑带的表面形貌特征
Figure 13. Surface morphological characteristics of slide zones with different roughnesses
图 14 修正后的滑带抗滑力与下滑力的对比
Figure 14. Modified sliding resistance versus downward sliding force
表 1 模型材料基本参数表
Table 1. Basic parameters of the model material
容重γ/(kg·m-3) 黏聚力c/kPa 内摩擦角φ/(°) 基本摩擦角φb/(°) 滑带 1.65×103 12.1 28.7 19 滑体 2.31×103 12.0×103 33.7 19 
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表 2 滑坡模型试验方案
Table 2. Scheme of the landslide model test
碎石数量 倾斜角度θ/(°) 24 26 28 R1：2×15 C11 C12 C13 R2：4×15 C21 C22 C23 R3：6×15 C31 C32 C33
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