Paleogeomorphological restoration and its control on gravity flow sand bodies: A case study of the Chang 73 submember of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin
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摘要:
鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73亚段沉积体系和砂体成因类型及展布特征受湖盆底部形态控制明显，不同地区砂体类型、成因及空间展布各异。根据岩心、钻井、测井等资料运用印模法与沉积学方法精确地恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73亚段的古地貌，并对微古地貌单元进行精细刻画，在此基础上分析了古地貌对盆地延长组长73亚段沉积体系和砂体成因类型及展布特征的控制作用。研究表明：长73期古地貌整体呈东缓西陡的不对称坳陷形态，明确了研究区发育高地、坡折带、湖底深洼（凹）、湖底平原、湖底古隆、湖底古脊和古沟道7个微古地貌单元。研究区延长组长73亚段重力流沉积体系受古地貌控制较明显，从湖盆边缘至湖盆中心依次发育三角洲前缘沉积、沟道型重力流沉积、半深湖-深湖沉积，从坡折带至湖盆中央，重力流沉积类型逐渐从砂质碎屑流沉积转换为浊流沉积。古地貌形态控制着研究区延长组长73亚段重力流砂体的整体展布，而高地、坡折带及古沟道等微古地貌单元则进一步控制重力流砂体的物源方向、成因类型、运输方向、横向连通性及展布形态等。
Abstract:The bottom morphology of the lake basin controlled the sedimentary system, genetic types, and distribution characteristics of sand bodies in the Chang 73 submember of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. The types, genesis, and spatial distribution of sand bodies in different regions differ. In this study, according to cores, drilling, logging, and other data, the paleogeomorphology of the Chang 73 submember was accurately restored by the impression method and sedimentology method, and the micro paleogeomorphology units were finely characterized. On this basis, the authors analyze the paleogeomorphology control on the sedimentary system, genetic types, and distribution characteristics of sand bodies in the Chang 73 submember. The result shows that the paleogeomorphology of the Chang 73 period is an asymmetrical depression in the east and a steep depression in the west. Seven micro paleogeomorphic units, including the highland, the slope break zone, the lakebed deep depression, the lakebed plain, the lakebed paleouplift, the ancient lakebed ridge, and the ancient channel, are identified in the study area. The paleogeomorphology obviously controlled the gravity flow deposition system of the Chang 73 submember in the study area. From the margin to the center of the lake basin, delta front deposition, channel-type gravity flow deposition, and semideep-deep lake deposition successively developed. From the slope break zone to the center of the lake basin, the gravity flow deposition type gradually changed from sandy debris flow deposition to turbidity flow deposition. The paleogeomorphology controls the overall distribution of the gravity flow sand body in submember 73 in the study area, while the micro paleogeomorphology units such as the highland, the slope break zone, and the ancient channel further control the provenance direction, genetic type, transportation direction, lateral connectivity and distribution pattern of the gravity flow sand bodies.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地区域构造单元图及延长组地层综合柱状图
Figure 1. The regional tectonic unit map of Ordos Basin and the comprehensive columnar map of stratigraphy of the Yanchang Formation
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段深水重力流沉积特征
a.块状层理，Z251井，1 615.30 m；b.“泥包砾”结构，Z233井，1 720.70 m；c.泥岩撕裂屑，Z408井，2 148.14 m；d.鲍玛序列，Z233井，1 737.74~1 738.19 m；e.槽模构造，L231井，2 080.60 m；f.火焰状构造，Z70井，1 583.19 m
Figure 2. Sedimentary characteristics of deepwater gravity flow of the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73亚段沉积相平面图
Figure 3. Sedimentary facies plan of the Chang 73 submember of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin
图 6 砂岩(a)和泥岩(b)厚度恢复示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of sandstone and mudstone thickness recovery
图 7 研究区三叠系延长组长73期古地貌地形图(a)及古地貌单元(b)划分示意图
Figure 7. Paleogeomorphic topographic map of the Chang 73 chron of the Triassic Yanchang Age in the study area and schematic diagram of the division of paleogeomorphic unit division
图 8 研究区三叠系延长组长73期古地貌坡折带剖面示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the paleogeomorphic slope-break belt in the Chang 73 chron of the Triassic Yanchang Age in the study area
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地长7西南-东北方向古地貌剖面图与沉积柱状图
Figure 9. Paleogeomorphology profile and sedimentary histogram of Chang 7 Member from the southwestern to northeastern Ordos Basin
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73亚段砂体成因类型平面图
Figure 10. Plan of genetic types of sand bodies in Chang 73 submember of the Yanchang Formation of Triassic in the Ordos Basin
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地长73沉积期古地貌控砂示意图
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of paleogeomorphology controlling sand bodies during Chang 73 chron in the Ordos Basin
表 1 古地貌恢复部分数据
Table 1. Data on paleogeomorphology restoration
井名 长3顶-长73底现今厚度/m 长3顶-长73底恢复厚度/m 压实厚度/m 压实率 井名 长3顶-长73底现今厚度/m 长3顶-长73底恢复厚度/m 压实厚度/m 压实率 G34 415.30 615.52 200.22 0.33 B282 444.00 680.74 236.74 0.35 G48 395.20 554.03 158.83 0.29 L407 428.20 682.24 254.04 0.37 Y378 402.00 607.68 205.68 0.34 B275 438.00 682.90 244.90 0.36 Y346 440.00 662.17 222.17 0.34 W83 451.00 688.90 237.90 0.35 Y416 413.00 645.92 232.92 0.36 B244 434.00 691.53 257.53 0.37 H540 448.00 669.87 221.87 0.33 B430 456.00 707.00 251.00 0.36 H15 436.00 652.91 216.91 0.33 W234 437.00 673.31 236.31 0.35 A84 426.00 688.04 262.04 0.38 W252 427.00 653.55 226.55 0.35 X22 413.00 595.02 182.02 0.31 X249 459.00 726.88 267.88 0.37 D27 420.80 597.29 176.49 0.30 Z80 436.00 679.40 243.40 0.36 A91 403.00 564.89 161.89 0.29 Z54 420.00 662.36 242.36 0.37 C54 436.00 672.35 236.35 0.35 T17 432.70 645.79 213.09 0.33 X77 414.00 604.82 190.82 0.32 T20 432.70 649.89 217.19 0.33 G209 415.00 618.02 203.02 0.33 Z258 418.00 656.52 238.52 0.36 G18 416.00 608.33 192.33 0.32 M144 439.80 701.33 261.53 0.37 G20 420.00 643.84 223.84 0.35 M50 412.30 663.42 251.12 0.38 G227 408.00 624.24 216.24 0.35 N135 366.70 570.32 203.62 0.36 S149 430.00 644.83 214.83 0.33 Z130 414.00 663.19 249.19 0.38 D235 450.00 633.35 183.35 0.29 N32 409.00 637.60 228.60 0.36 D221 454.00 596.93 142.93 0.24 Z39 409.40 630.25 220.85 0.35 G66 438.00 604.66 166.66 0.28 N210 430.00 665.76 235.76 0.35 Q19 434.00 572.33 138.33 0.24 N136 434.60 654.71 220.11 0.34 X80 410.00 616.89 206.89 0.34 Z25 418.00 582.90 164.90 0.28 X78 395.00 591.01 196.01 0.33 L99 447.90 666.08 218.18 0.33 Y42 409.00 598.40 189.40 0.32 M209 405.00 651.79 246.79 0.38 Y34 425.00 596.44 171.44 0.29 B109 402.20 716.93 314.73 0.44 Y51 409.00 575.16 166.16 0.29 J240 449.00 676.08 227.08 0.34 J12 431.00 609.25 178.25 0.29 Y170 446.00 704.34 258.34 0.37 G96 438.00 739.65 301.65 0.41 X63 436.00 710.58 274.58 0.39 G30 443.00 758.26 315.26 0.42 L366 416.00 709.21 293.21 0.41 L11 434.00 719.69 285.69 0.40 X183 412.00 669.57 257.57 0.38 Y420 436.00 715.50 279.50 0.39 Z576 392.00 637.75 245.75 0.39 Y177 424.00 687.61 263.61 0.38 M68 421.00 698.33 277.33 0.40 H76 425.50 721.97 296.47 0.41 Y276 410.50 683.60 273.10 0.40 H65 449.50 761.28 311.78 0.41 L80 443.00 714.32 271.32 0.38 Y369 427.20 716.06 288.86 0.40 W67 446.00 701.85 255.85 0.36 Y374 462.20 747.89 285.69 0.38 L38 402.00 593.24 191.24 0.32 Z569 419.50 648.20 228.70 0.35 B282 444.00 680.74 236.74 0.35 
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