Using temperature to trace river-groundwater interactions in alpine regions: A case study in the upper reaches of the Heihe River
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摘要:
高寒地区是世界众多大型河流的源区，了解区内河水与地下水的相互作用对流域水资源科学管理具有重要意义。因广泛发育多年冻土，高寒地区河床底部局部融区的形成和动态变化控制着河水与地下水的转换，导致两者间水力关系的复杂性和特殊性。受观测条件限制，目前高寒地区河水与地下水相互作用的研究极少，少量已有研究也多采用同位素和水化学示踪方法，成本高且精度低。采用观测成本更低但精度与密度更高的温度信号作为示踪剂，以量化河水和地下水之间的交换；利用垂向一维瞬态热运移解析模型，定量计算不同深度处河水与地下水的交换流速；利用分布式测温光纤系统的观测结果，分析河水与地下水相互作用的时空动态变化特征。研究结果表明：高寒地区河水与地下水的交换存在强烈的时空差异, 季节与气候的转换对河水与地下水的交换量起着控制作用，甚至能够改变河水与地下水的交换方向，河水与地下水的交换量随着冻土活动层加深而增加。温度示踪方法适用于高寒冻土区河水与地下水相互作用研究，2种温度示踪方法的联合使用可有效提高研究精度与准确性，为缺乏基础水文地质数据的高寒地区提供一种可行的研究思路。
Abstract:Objective The alpine region is the source area of many large rivers globally, and understanding river-groundwater interactions in the region is critical to the scientific management of watershed water resources. Due to the widespread occurrence of permafrost, the distribution and dynamics of riverbed taliks play a vital role in controlling river-groundwater exchange in alpine regions, leading to the complex, unique characteristics of the hydraulic relationship between them. However, there have been few investigations on river-groundwater interactions in alpine regions due to the harsh field conditions, and these available studies have dominantly used isotope and hydrochemical tracing methods, which are expensive and not accurate.
Methods In this study, the low-cost and accurate temperature signal was used as a tracer to quantify the exchange between river and groundwater. A vertical 1D transient heat transport analytical model was used to quantify river-groundwater exchange rates at different depths. The spatiotemporal variations in river-groundwater interactions were analyzed using the temperature data measured by a distributed optical fibre sensing system.
Results Results show a substantial spatiotemporal variation in the exchange between river and groundwater in alpine regions. Season and climate can control the exchange rate between river and groundwater, and even the direction of exchange. It is also found that the exchange rate of river and groundwater increases with the depth of the active layer.
Conclusion The study indicates that the temperature tracing method is suitable for studying river-groundwater interactions in alpine areas dominated by permafrost. Furthermore, the combination of two temperature tracing methods can effectively improve the accuracy and provide a feasible research framework for alpine regions where hydrogeological data are scarce.
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图 2 多年冻土区(A)和季节性冻土区(B)监测点沉积物温度场时空分布特征的动态变化
Figure 2. Dynamic changes in the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distributions of the sedimental temperature field of the frozen soil area (A) and seasonal frozen soil area (B)
图 3 多年冻土区水平温度剖面上河水温度动态变化
Figure 3. River temperature dynamic changes on the horizontal temperature profile in frozen soil area
图 4 季节性冻土区水平温度剖面上河水温度动态变化
Figure 4. River temperature dynamic changes on the horizontal temperature profile in seasonal frozen soil area
图 5 多年冻土区河段河床表面温度随时间和空间位置的变化
Figure 5. Changes of riverbed surface temperature with temporal and spatial position in permaforst region
图 6 季节性冻土区河段河床表面温度随时间和空间位置的变化
Figure 6. Changes of riverbed surface tempevature with temporal and spatial position in seasonal frozen soil area
图 7 多年冻土区(a)和季节性冻土区(b)“异常区”和“正常区”温度曲线对比图
Figure 7. Comparison chart of the "Innocent Zone" and "Normal District" temperature curve of the frozen soil area (a) and the seasonal frozen soil area (b)
图 8 基于Hatch振幅法的多年冻土区(A)和季节性冻土区(B)河床沉积物不同深度处的交换流速
Figure 8. Exchange velocity at different depths of the riverbed deposition over frozen soil area (A) and seasonal frozen soil area (B) based on the Hatch amplitude method
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