塔西南阿尔塔什剖面下石炭统和什拉甫组生物礁地质特征

摘要:
生物礁研究对沉积环境与油气勘探具有重要意义, 但目前对于塔西南石炭系生物礁研究相对较少。深入解析了塔西南阿尔塔什剖面早石炭世维宪期中-晚期和什拉甫组生物礁地质特征, 并在此基础上深入探讨了塔西南早石炭世沉积环境以及该生物礁在全球早石炭世生物礁演化中的意义。结果表明: 该套生物礁的造礁生物主要为各种群体珊瑚以及少量单体珊瑚, 附礁生物主要为棘皮动物等, 造礁和附礁生物类型相对单一。礁体的生长受陆源物质的影响而中断, 这和塔西南山前早石炭世频繁的海平面变化有关。该生物礁是继晚泥盆世生物大灭绝后, 伴随着维宪期中-晚期气候变暖、全球海平面上升, 全球范围内后生动物骨架礁开始复苏的产物之一, 该生物礁的地质特征在全球早石炭世维宪期生物礁中具有普遍性。此外, 根据对阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组以及相邻的库山河剖面罕铁热克组的整体沉积相分析, 推测早石炭世维宪期, 受当时全球海平面上升的影响以及塔西南地区在早石炭世开始形成被动大陆边缘并开始下沉, 使得塔西南地区从早石炭世开始发生自南西向北东方向的海侵, 在塔西南山前也逐渐形成了狭长的台地边缘相带, 这有利于生物礁的发育, 并在和什拉甫组时期自陆向海形成了"滨岸相-泻湖相-台地边缘相-斜坡相-陆棚相"的沉积体系。沉积体系的划分不仅可以为塔西南地区石炭纪古气候、古环境研究而且可以为其油气勘探提供参考。
- 阿尔塔什 /
- 生物礁 /
- 早石炭世 /
- 珊瑚 /
- 海平面 /
- 和什拉甫组
Abstract: Objective
Research on reefs is highly important for determining sedimentary environments and for oil and gas exploration, but relatively few studies have been conducted on Carboniferous reefs in the Southwest Tarim Basin.
Methods
Early Carboniferous reefs of the Heshirafu Formation in the Artashi section in the Southwest Tarim Basin formed in the Middle-Late Visean section of the Early Carboniferous. Reef-building organisms and accessory organisms were not quite diversified; the former mainly consisted of colonial corals of different kinds and solitary corals of a small number, and the latter were mostly echinoderms.
Results
Their growth was suspended due to less supply of terrigenous materials largely related to the frequent sea level changes in the Early Carboniferous in the piedmont structures of the Southwest Tarim Basin. These reefs are among the products of the recovery of metazoan skeleton reefs across the globe after the Late Devonian mass extinction; their occurrence was accompanied by mid- to late-stage Visean climate warming and global sea level rise. These reefs are common in the Early Carboniferous Visean reefs worldwide. In addition, according to the overall sedimentary facies of the Heshirafu Formation in the Artashi section and the adjacent Hantiereke Formation in the Kushanhe section, it is speculated that a transgression occurred from southwest to northeast in the Visean period of the Early Carboniferous in the Southwest Tarim Basin when the global sea level was rising and a passive continental margin was simultaneously forming and beginning to sink. As a result, a narrow platform margin facies belt gradually took shape in the piedmont structure of the Southwest Tarim Basin. This belt was conducive to the development of biological reefs. Then, when the Heshirafu Formation formed, a depositional system of "shore facies-lagoon facies-platform margin facies-slope facies-continental shelf facies" developed in a seaward direction.
Conclusion
The classification of sedimentary systems can provide a reference for Carboniferous sedimentary environments and oil and gas exploration in the Southwest Tarim Basin.
- Artashi /
- reef /
- Early Carboniferous /
- coral /
- sea level /
- Heshirafu Formation
注释:

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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图 1 塔里木盆地西南缘地区位置图

a.塔西南区域构造图；b.含礁层段卫星图, 黄色圈为含礁层段范围；c.生物礁宏观露头剖面, 图b中蓝色框线部分；d.生物礁宏观露头剖面, 图b中绿色框线部分

Figure 1. Location of the southwest margin of the Tarim Basin

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图 2 塔西南艾特沟-达木斯沟下石炭统和什拉甫组综合柱状图(据文献[17]修改)

Figure 2. Synthetic histogram of the Lower Carboniferous Heshirafu Formation in Aitegou-Damusigou, southwest Tarim Basin

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图 3 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组柱状图

Figure 3. Histogram of the Heshirafu Formation in the Artashi section

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图 4 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组生物礁结构剖面图

Figure 4. Structural profile of the Heshirafu Formation reef in the Artashi section

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图 5 生物礁微相结构剖面图(剖面位置见图 1b)

Figure 5. Profiles of microfacies structures of the reef

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图 6 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组生物礁颗粒灰岩

a.砂屑灰岩野外照片，礁前高能带；b.含生屑砂屑灰岩，可见少量腕足类，礁前高能带；c.砂屑灰岩，局部核形石富集(红色圈部分)，礁前高能带；d.生屑灰岩，可见腕足壳体(黄色圈部分)，礁基；e.生屑灰岩，可见棘皮生屑和少量有孔虫以及大量无定形生屑，礁前高能带，单偏光；f.核形石灰岩镜下照片，单偏光；g.生屑灰岩，可见溶缝，单偏光；h.生屑灰岩，可见大量棘皮生屑和少量类，单偏光

Figure 6. Granular limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Heshirafu Formation reef in the Artashi section

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图 7 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组生物礁群体珊瑚

a.柱丛珊瑚(Cionodendron)野外照片；b.轴管珊瑚(Aulina)野外照片；c.原达勒姆珊瑚(Protodurhamina)野外照片；d.刺毛珊瑚(Chaetetes)，周围可见砂屑颗粒，单偏光；e.原达勒姆珊瑚(Protodurhamina)，个体间为粉屑和细砂屑充填，单偏光；f.原达勒姆珊瑚(Protodurhamina)，个体间为灰泥充填，部分灰泥有重结晶现象，单偏光

Figure 7. Colonial corals of the Lower Carboniferous Heshirafu Formation reef in the Artashi section

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图 8 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组生物礁单体珊瑚

a.玫瑰珊瑚手标本，单体横截面形态似玫瑰花瓣状；b.图a中玫瑰珊瑚镜下照片，轴部构造呈花瓣状，隔壁内发育人字形鳞板；c.棚珊瑚手标本(黑色圈所示)，横截面呈圆形；d.图c棚珊瑚镜下照片，可见蛛网状的复中柱被中板平分，发育人字形鳞板

Figure 8. Solitary corals of the Lower Carboniferous Heshirafu Formation reef in the Artashi section

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图 9 阿尔塔什剖面和什拉甫组生物礁礁基中的叶状藻

a.不规则的叶状藻片被灰泥和蓝绿藻丝体包绕；b.不规则叶状藻片，可见较为完整的格子状组织

Figure 9. Phylloid algae of the Lower Carboniferous Heshirafu Formation reef in the Artashi section

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图 10 库山河剖面下石炭统罕铁热克组角砾状灰岩

a.角砾状灰岩，可见蜂巢珊瑚角砾(红色圈)；b.角砾状灰岩，可见笛管珊瑚角砾；c.角砾状灰岩，可见树枝管珊瑚角砾(红色圈)；d.蜂巢珊瑚镜下照片，个体呈紧密镶嵌状接触；e.角砾状灰岩，可见单体牛角珊瑚(红色圈)、蜂巢珊瑚(绿色圈)、腕足动物(黄色圈)角砾；f.角砾状灰岩，角砾可见定向排列和塑形变形

Figure 10. Breccia limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Hantiereke Formation in the Kushanhe section

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图 11 塔西南山前早石炭世沉积相模式图

Figure 11. Sedimentary facies model of Early Carboniferous piedmont structures in the southwest Tarim Basin

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表 1 阿尔塔什剖面下石炭统不同岩石类型碳氧同位素测试结果

Table 1. Carbon and oxygen isotope results of different lithologies in the Lower Carboniferous of the Artashi section

组	岩性	δ¹³C_PDB/‰	δ¹⁸O_PDB/‰	Z
和什拉甫组	泥晶灰岩	-2.566	-8.828	117.65
	泥晶灰岩	1.439	-10.051	125.24
	泥晶灰岩	1.346	-9.213	125.47
	泥晶灰岩	-1.539	-5.427	121.45
	泥晶灰岩	2.084	-8.118	127.53
	泥晶灰岩	3.361	-8.456	129.97
	泥晶灰岩	2.349	-6.222	129.01
克里塔克组	砂屑云岩	0.024	-10.857	121.94
	泥晶灰岩	-1.113	-10.999	119.54
	砂屑生屑云岩	0.009	-11.262	121.71
	灰质云岩	0.099	-10.691	122.18
	泥晶灰岩	-2.919	-11.846	115.42

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