Characteristics and main controlling factors of the tight sandstone reservoirs around the paleo-uplift in the southern Tianshan area, Tarim Basin
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摘要:
塔里木盆地天山南地区古隆起周缘砂岩储层发育的主控因素及致密化成因一直制约着该区的增储上产。综合利用薄片和阴极发光观察、物性测试、压汞分析等方法对下白垩统舒善河组-巴西盖组砂岩储层特征进行了研究, 明确了制约储层物性发育的主控因素。研究表明: 研究区目的层的孔隙度
φ 多 < 10%, 渗透率k < 1×10-3 μm2, 是典型的致密砂岩储层, 其中辫状河三角洲相砂岩储层的物性和孔隙结构均最好(φ =12.3%,k =60.4×10-3 μm2), 扇三角洲相砂岩次之(φ =6.9%,k =1.9×10-3 μm2), 滩坝相砂岩最差(φ =6.7%,k =0.34×10-3 μm2); 古隆起的演化控制了沉积相的差异, 同时也影响了砂岩的成岩作用, 辫状河三角洲和扇三角洲沉积环境水动力较强, 砂岩颗粒较粗, 受胶结作用弱, 因此孔隙度和渗透率较高; 滩坝相砂岩沉积时远离陆源输入, 颗粒较细, 水下古隆起的发育在成岩阶段控制了其较高含量的碳酸盐胶结物的形成, 堵塞孔喉, 显著降低砂岩储层物性, 导致砂岩呈现致密化。研究成果可以为天山南地区下白垩统致密油气的勘探开发提供参考。Abstract:Objective The main controlling factors and densification genesis of sandstone reservoirs around the paleo-uplift in the southern Tianshan area of the Tarim Basin have always restricted the increase in reserves and production in this area.
Methods By using thin section and cathode luminescence (CL) observations, physical property testing, mercury injection analysis, and other related methods, the characteristics of sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Baxigai and Shushanhe Formations were studied, and the main factors controlling the reservoir properties were also summarized.
Results The study draws the following conclusions: The porosity of the target layer in the study area is mostly less than 10%, and the permeability is less than 1×10-3 μm2, which is a typical tight sandstone reservoir. Among them, the braided river delta sandstones exhibit the best physical properties (
φ =12.3%,k =60.4×10-3 μm2) and pore structure, followed by the fan delta sandstones (φ =6.9%,k =1.9×10-3 μm2), while the lacustrine sand bar facies features the worst physical properties (φ =6.7%,k =0.34×10-3 μm2). The evolution of paleo-uplift controlled the differences between sedimentary facies and diagenetic processes. The sedimentary environment of braided river deltas and fan deltas has strong hydrodynamic forces, coarser particles, and weak cementation, so the porosity and permeability are high. In contrast, the lacustrine sand bar facies are far away from terrigenous input, the grains are fine, and the underwater paleo-uplift controlled the formation of carbonate cement with high contents in the diagenetic stage, which blocked the pore throat and reduced the physical properties of the sandstone reservoir.Conclusion These results provide a reference for petroleum exploration and development of the Lower Cretaceous successions in the southern Tianshan area.
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图 2 天山南地区下白垩统沉积相演化图
Figure 2. Sedimentary facies evolution diagram of the Lower Cretaceous in the southern Tianshan area
图 3 天山南地区中生界地层综合柱状图(修改自文献[25])
Figure 3. Comprehensive histogram of the Mesozoic successions in the southern Tianshan area
图 4 天山南地区下白垩统砂岩三角分类图
Figure 4. Ternary classification plot of Lower Cretaceous sandstones in the southern Tianshan area
图 5 天山南地区下白垩统砂岩典型铸体薄片照片
a.QG1井，5 618.17 m，舒善河组，滩坝相，颗粒分选性一般，可见粒内溶孔；b.QG1井，5 626.21 m，舒善河组，滩坝相，颗粒分选性较好，呈定向排列，致密程度高，未见可测面孔率；c.QG1井，巴西盖组，5 601.69 m，辫状河三角洲相，颗粒分选性较差，磨圆较好，颗粒呈点接触，杂基含量较少，剩余粒间溶孔较多；d.QG1井，5 602.08 m，巴西盖组, 辫状河三角洲相，颗粒分选性较差，磨圆较好，剩余粒间溶孔较多；e.QG3井，5 893.58 m，舒善河组，扇三角洲相，粒内溶孔发育；f.QG3井，5 891.93 m，舒善河组，扇三角洲相，颗粒破裂发育，粒内溶孔和粒间溶孔发育
Figure 5. Typical casting sections thin photos of Lower Cretaceous sandstone in southern Tianshan area
图 6 天山南地区下白垩统砂岩渗透率-孔隙度交会图
Figure 6. Permeability-porosity crossplot of Lower Cretaceous sandstones in the southern Tianshan area
图 7 天山南地区舒善河组-巴西盖组砂岩物性频率分布图
Figure 7. Physical property frequency distribution map of Shushanhe-Baxigai Formation sandstone in the southern Tianshan area
图 8 天山南地区下白垩统砂岩孔隙结构参数频率分布图
Figure 8. Frequency distributions of pore structure parameters of Lower Cretaceous sandstone in the southern Tianshan area
图 9 研究区SQ1-SQ3层序厚度图
Figure 9. Sequence thickness from the SQ1 to SQ3 in the study area
图 10 研究区过古隆起位置的地震剖面图(剖面位置见图 9)
Figure 10. Seismic profiles crossing the paleo-uplift zone of the Xinhe and Qiaogu areas
图 11 天山南地区古隆起演化模式图
Figure 11. Paleo-uplift evolution model of the southern Tianshan area
图 12 天山南地区下白垩统不同沉积相内砂岩储层典型照片
a.QG1井，5 604.22 m，K1b，辫状河三角洲相，颗粒分选较差，磨圆较好，颗粒呈点接触，杂基含量较少，剩余粒间孔较多；b.XH2井，5 016.4 m，K1b，辫状河三角洲相，颗粒分选较差，磨圆较好，颗粒呈点接触，杂基含量较少，剩余粒间孔较多；c.QG1井，5 617.57 m，K1s，滩坝相，颗粒分选较好，致密程度高，未见可测面孔率；d.QG1井，5 622.15 m，K1s，滩坝相，颗粒分选中等，磨圆较差，可见粒间孔；e.QG3井，5 891.4 m，K1s，扇三角洲相，颗粒分选较差，呈次棱角状，可见粒间孔和溶蚀孔；f.QG4井，5 768.71 m，K1s，扇三角洲相，颗粒分选较好，呈次棱角状，可见粒间孔和溶蚀孔；K1b.巴西盖组；K1s.舒善河组
Figure 12. Typical photos of Lower Cretaceous sandstones with different sedimentary facies in the southern Tianshan area
图 13 天山南地区下白垩统砂储层物性与岩碳酸盐体积分数交会图
Figure 13. Cross-plot between reservoir properties and carbonate content of Lower Cretaceous sandstones in the southern Tianshan area
图 14 天山南地区下白垩统砂岩典型阴极发光照片
a.XH5井，SQ3，5 721.1 m，红棕色中细砂岩，钙质胶结物不发育；b.QG1井，SQ3，5 601.7 m，灰白色中细砂岩，钙质胶结物含量低；c.XH5井，SQ2，5 720.36 m，细粒长石岩屑砂岩，灰质5%，分布不均匀；d.QG1井，SQ2，5 605.28 m，灰白色细砂岩，钙质胶结物发育；e.XH1井，SQ1，5 691.4 m，粉砂岩，碳酸盐胶结物呈斑点状分布；f.QG101井，SQ1，5 692.93 m，灰白色细砂岩，钙质胶结物呈点状分布(方解石的阴极光为橙色或黄色)
Figure 14. Typical cathodeluminescence images of Lower Cretaceous sandstones in the southern Tianshan area
表 1 天山南地区舒善河组-巴西盖组不同粒度砂岩的平均物性统计
Table 1. Statistical table of average properties of sandstones with different grain sizes in the Shushanhe-Baxigai Formation in the southern Tianshan area
岩性 粗砂岩 中砂岩 细砂岩 粉砂岩 样品数 15 88 350 15 孔隙度/% 11.3 8.8 7.6 6.3 渗透率/10-3μm2 51.13 34.0 2.56 0.66 
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