"Sweet spot" identification and evaluation of tight sandstone reservoir
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摘要: 四川盆地北部须家河组须四段为辫状河三角洲前缘沉积，砂体极其发育，而因须四段整体埋深大、储层非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂，储层"甜点"识别和综合评价成为制约该区低渗透致密砂岩储层勘探开发的关键。基于大量薄片观察鉴定，结合测井、录井资料，分析了控制特低渗透致密砂岩储层的关键地质因素，提出因子分析法定性识别致密砂岩储层"甜点"模型和定量评价标准，并对四川盆地北部目标区块须四段储层进行综合评价。结果证实：①致密砂岩储层局部存在物性较好的"甜点"区；②因子分析法提取的3个参数因子能定性解释致密砂岩储层特征，准确识别"甜点"段；③因子分析法定量评价结果与四川盆地北部须四段实际勘探开发效果吻合，相对于常规评价方法准确率大幅提高；④川北地区须四段储层可划分为三类，目标区块主要发育Ⅱ类储层，该区块东南部北东向为天然气富集区，是气藏开发的重点区域。Abstract: Located in the north of the Sichuan Basin, the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation features braided-river, delta-front deposits, and extremely developed sand body. Due to the large burial depth, strong reservoir heterogeneity, and complex pore structure, the exploration and development of low permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir are greatly constrained by the identification and comprehensive evaluation of "sweet spots". Based on the extensive observation and identification of thin-section and in reference to logging data, this paper analyzes the key geological factors controlling the ultra-low permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir, puts forward a qualitative "sweet spots" identification model based on factor analysis for tight sandstone gas reservoir, and conducts comprehensive evaluation of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation in the target block in northern Sichuan Basin. The results show, ① "Sweet spots" region with good physical properties exists in some areas of tight sandstone gas reservoir; ② The three parameter factors extracted by the factor analysis can qualitatively explain the characteristics of tight sandstone gas reservoir and accurately identify the "sweet spots" section; ③ The quantitative evaluation results of the factor analysis are in good agreement with the actual exploration and development effect of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation in northern Sichuan Basin, and are much more accurate than those of the common evaluation methods; ④Reservoir of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation in North Sichuan can be divided into three types, and the target block has mostly developed type Ⅱ reservoir, and the key area of gas reservoir development rests in the NE trending gas-rich region in the southeastern part of the block.
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图 2 L1井须四段储层定性识别与解释
Figure 2. Qualitative identification and explanation of the reservoir of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation in Well L1
图 3 须四段岩心累计孔隙度和累计储能曲线
Figure 3. Accumulated porosity curve and accumulated energy storage curve of the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation
图 4 须四段试气层段孔隙度、渗透率交会图
Figure 4. Cross plot of porosity and permeability of tested sections in the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation
图 5 川北地区须四段储层因子交会图
Figure 5. Cross plot of reservoir foctors in the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation, northern Sichuan Basin
图 7 目标区块储层厚度分布特征
Figure 7. The thickness distribution of reservoir in the target block
图 8 目标区块L13-L11-L17-L12井储层横向对比
Figure 8. Lateral reservoir comparison of Well L13- Well L11- Well L17- Well L12 in target block
表 1 解释总方差
Table 1. Total variance explained
主成分 初始特征值 特征值 方差/% 累积方差/% 1 3.882 48.522 48.522 2 1.987 24.841 73.363 3 1.278 15.973 89.336 4 0.424 5.296 94.632 5 0.200 2.499 97.131 6 0.128 1.603 98.734 7 0.096 1.202 99.936 8 0.005 0.064 100.000 
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表 2 因子得分系数
Table 2. Factor scoring coefficients
因子 GR KTH CAL AC DEN CNL lg(RD) lg(RS) F1 0.019 0.139 0.717 0.802 0.930 0.816 -0.157 -0.284 F2 0.933 0.952 -0.429 -0.092 -0.109 0.444 -0.089 -0.132 F3 -0.170 -0.063 -0.136 -0.143 0.137 -0.137 0.980 0.946 注：GR、KTH、CAL、AC、DEN、CNL、lg(RD)、lg(RS)为8条常规测井曲线：自然伽马、无铀伽马、井径、密度、中子、深侧向电阻对数值、浅侧向电阻对数值分别经标准差归一化处理后的值
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表 3 川北地区须四段致密砂岩储层识别和评价标准
Table 3. The standard for identification and evaluation of the tight sandstone gas reservoir in the 4th Member of Xujiahe Formation, northern Sichuan Basin
储层类型 测试结果 F1 F2 F3 Ⅰ类 (差)气层 0.25~0.5 0.1~0.2 0.2~0.4 Ⅱ类 含气层 0.2~0.4 0.1~0.4 0.3~0.6 Ⅲ类 干层 0~0.1 0.1~0.2 0.7~1.0
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