Deformation characteristics and evolution simulation of the Maliulin landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
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摘要: 在库水位波动和降雨作用的共同影响下，库岸滑坡的变形规律往往更为复杂。以三峡库区麻柳林滑坡为例，基于野外调查、钻探编录、深部位移监测以及数值模拟等手段，分析了库水位波动和降雨作用下滑坡变形特征及演化规律。结果表明：麻柳林滑坡在粉质黏土层和块石层交界处发育一个次级滑带，目前该滑坡主要沿次级滑带运动，导致次级滑动的原因与坡体物质的差异性有关；Si(Sf)指标分析法揭示滑坡的滑带还未完全破坏，滑坡仍处于蠕变状态；根据三峡水库水位调度规律，将一个完整水文年划分为6个阶段，数值模拟结果表明滑坡在库水位缓慢下降阶段变形速率较小、在快速下降阶段和低水位阶段变形速率持续增大、在快速上升阶段和缓慢上升阶段以及高水位阶段变形速率则保持平稳。其中，降雨的直接影响和降雨导致库水位波动进而对滑坡变形造成的间接影响，使得麻柳林滑坡在低水位阶段的变形显著增加、稳定性最差，应加强该时段内滑坡的监测和预警。Abstract: The deformation characteristics of reservoir landslides are more complicated under the combined effect of water level fluctuation and rainfall. Taking the Maliulin landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as a case study, this paper studies the deformation and evolution characteristics of the landslide according to field investigation, drilling records, deep displacement monitoring and deformation simulation. The results indicate that a secondary shallow sliding surface is detected between clay layer and rock-block layer, which controls its current activities. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the differences of landslide material composition. The Si (Sf) parameters shows that the sliding zone of the Maliulin landslide has not been totally destroyed and the landslide keeps creep deformation at present. The reservoir water level fluctuation can be divided into six periods according to its annul variation. The landslide keeps stable during water level slow drawdown period but deforms intensely during the periods of rapid drawdown and low water level. During the periods of reservoir water level rapid rise, slow rise and high water level, the landslide has mere deformation. It should be noted that the direct effect of rainfall and its indirect effect through reservoir water level fluctuation leads to intense deformation and annual minimum factor of safety for the landslide. More early warning work can be implemented for the Maliulin landslide during the period of low water level.
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图 2 三峡水库水位调度特征(Ⅰ~Ⅵ为库水位调度阶段)
Figure 2. Water level fluctuation schedule of the Three Gorges Reservoir
图 9 滑坡累积位移-深度概化曲线
H为深度; W为宽度; 其他物理量的含义见正文
Figure 9. Generalized curve of cumulative displacement-depth
图 12 滑坡累积位移-库水位关系曲线
Figure 12. Relationship between cumulative displacement and reservoir water level
图 13 滑坡累积位移-降雨量关系曲线
Figure 13. Relationship between cumulative displacement and rainfall
图 14 滑坡地表位移与深部位移关系图
Figure 14. Relationship between ground displacement and deep displacement
表 1 麻柳林滑坡深部位移监测点信息表
Table 1. Details of deep displacement monitoring points
监测点编号 孔口高程/m 孔深/m 基岩埋深/m 监测深度/m CX01 176 43.6 34 43.5 CX02 190 54.5 46 51.5 
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表 2 滑坡抗剪强度参数初始值
Table 2. Initial values of shear strength parameters
抗剪工况 参数指标 均值(μ) 标准差(σ) 样本数 天然强度 c 35.77 260 φ 16.17 3.03 235 天然残余 c 23.97 212 φ 11.66 3.50 218 饱和强度 c 26.55 209 φ 12.94 2.72 214 饱和残余 c 16.81 245 φ 8.93 2.04 212 注：c单位kPa; φ单位(°)
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表 3 滑坡抗剪强度参数取值
Table 3. Selected values of shear strength parameters
抗剪工况 c/kPa φ/(°) 天然工况 30.93 14.34 饱和工况 22.56 11.31
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表 4 滑坡各阶段最小稳定性系数
Table 4. Minimum factor of safety in each period
时段 仅库水作用 库水和降雨共同作用 稳定性系数变化幅度 第Ⅰ阶段 1.294 1.255 0.039 第Ⅱ阶段 1.177 1.112 0.065 第Ⅲ阶段 1.179 1.055 0.124 第Ⅳ阶段 1.193 1.055 0.138 第Ⅴ阶段 1.287 1.136 0.151 第Ⅵ阶段 1.376 1.242 0.134
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