Susceptibility assessment of a translational rockslide considering the control mechanism and spatial uncertainty of a weak interlayer: Application study in Tiefeng Township, Wanzhou District
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摘要: 顺层岩质滑坡突发性强, 破坏性大, 是危害山区城镇安全的重要灾害类型之一。发育软弱夹层的顺向斜坡是顺层岩质滑坡的高发区, 区域顺层岩质滑坡易发性评价应融入软弱夹层的控滑机制和空间分布不确定性分析。以万州区铁峰乡为研究区, 在软弱夹层物质结构及空间分布详细调查的基础上, 分析了原生沉积、构造变形和表生改造作用下区内页岩和泥岩两类软弱夹层发展为滑动面的演化机理, 总结了顺层岩质滑坡的变形破坏机理。考虑软弱夹层空间分布的不确定性, 提出了软弱夹层垂向分布和有效控滑深度范围内软弱夹层控滑贡献度的计算模型。提取了软弱夹层类型和控滑贡献度等表征顺层岩质滑坡控滑结构的关键指标, 结合地形地貌、斜坡结构、水文地质及人类工程活动4类要素, 构建了顺层岩质滑坡易发性评价指标体系。针对万州区铁峰乡河谷南侧的顺向坡区段, 以斜坡为评价单元, 采用层次分析法对研究区顺层岩质滑坡开展了易发性评价。结果显示研究区内侏罗系珍珠冲组泥化夹层和自流井组页岩层是顺层岩质滑坡的主要控滑层位, 极高易发区和高易发区占比分别为9.7%和25.8%, 岩质斜坡单元下伏软弱夹层分布情况和斜坡前缘开挖情况是影响滑坡灾害易发性的主要因素, 建房和道路开挖等人类工程活动极易诱发顺层岩质滑坡灾害。与不考虑软弱夹层相关指标的易发性评价结果相比, 本文方法的结果更符合实际情况。Abstract: Translational rockslides are an important disaster that endangers the safety of mountain towns. The dip slopes with weak interlayers are the areas prone to translational rockslides. The regional translational rockslide susceptibility assessment should consider the sliding mechanism and spatial distribution uncertainty analysis of the weak interlayer. Taking Tiefeng Town of Wanzhou District as the study area, based on the detailed investigation of the material, structure and spatial distribution of weak interlayers, this paper analysed the evolution mechanism of shale and mudstone developing into sliding surfaces under the action of primary deposition, tectonic deformation and supergene transformation and summarized the deformation and failure mechanism of translational rockslides. Considering the spatial distribution uncertainty of the weak interlayer, a calculation model of the vertical distribution of the weak interlayer and the contribution of the weak interlayer to slip control in the effective control depth are proposed. The key factors that characterize the sliding structure, including the type of weak interlayer and the contribution degree of the weak interlayer, are selected as susceptibility assessment factors. In addition, four elements, topography, slope structure, hydrogeology and human activities, are considered. The susceptibility of translational rockslides in the study area was assessed with slope units adopting the analytic hierarchy process. The investigation and assessment results show that the mud interlayers of the Jurassic Zhenzhuchong Formation and the shale layer of the Ziliujing Formation are the main potential slip surfaces of the translational rockslide in the study area. The extremely high susceptibility area and high susceptibility area accounted for 9.7% and 25.8%, respectively. The distribution of the underlying weak interlayer and the excavation of the slope units are the main factors affecting the susceptibility to landslide disasters. Human activities such as house building and road excavation are the main triggering factors of translational rockslides.Compared with the susceptibility assessment results without considering the factors of the weak interlayer, the results of the method proposed in this paper are more consistent with the facts.
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图 3 研究区工程地质岩组剖面图(剖面位置见图 1)
J1z.珍珠冲组；J1-2z.自流井组；J2x.新田沟组；J2xs.下沙溪庙组；T2b.巴东组；T3xj.须家河组
Figure 3. Profile of engineering geological rock groups in the study area
图 4 历史岩质滑坡灾害航拍图
a. 民国场滑坡滑动后斜坡复垦改造现状；b. 背垭口滑坡滑动堆积现状；c. 麦地坪滑坡
Figure 4. Aerial map of historical rockslides
图 5 自流井组深灰色泥质页岩滑动面
a.民国场滑坡后部揭露的滑面；b.背垭口滑坡后缘边界处出露的滑面
Figure 5. Sliding surfaces generated in the dark gray argillaceous shale in the Ziliujing Formation
图 6 珍珠冲组中的泥化夹层
a.泥化程度较高；b.泥化程度较低
Figure 6. Mud interlayer in the Zhenzhuchong Formation
图 7 铁峰山背斜作用下的劈理组合及斜坡失稳模式
Figure 7. Cleavage combination and sliding mode of the translational rockslide under the effect of the Tiefengshan anticline
图 8 研究区软弱夹层平面分布情况
J1z.珍珠冲组；J1-2z.自流井组；J2x.新田沟组；J2xs.下沙溪庙组；T2b.巴东组；T3xj.须家河组
Figure 8. Distribution of weak interlayers in the study area
图 10 顺层岩质滑坡灾害易发性评价指标
Figure 10. Assessment indicators of the translational rockslide susceptibility
图 12 软弱夹层垂向分布层位计算模型(蓝色虚线为地面线)
此6图均为以岩层倾向方向所做的剖面图。剖面线穿过O、A、B 3点；O点为软弱夹层出露点；A、B为地层上、下分界线；OC、OD为高程差，记为ΔH、ΔH′；AC、DB为平面所测距离，记为L、L′；θ为真倾角；OE、OF为所求距离，记为l、l′
Figure 12. Calculating model of the vertical distribution of weak interlayers
图 13 研究区软弱夹层垂向分布情况
Figure 13. Vertical distribution of weak interlayers in the study area
图 14 道路开挖揭露软弱夹层情况分布图
Figure 14. Distribution of weak interlayers in slope units exposed by road cutting
图 15 研究区顺层岩质滑坡灾害易发性分布图
Figure 15. Hazard susceptibility distribution diagram of translational rockslide in the study area
图 16 研究区顺层岩质滑坡灾害易发性分布图(不考虑软弱夹层指标)
Figure 16. Hazard susceptibility distribution diagram of translational rockslide in the study area (The factors of the weak interlayer are not considered)
表 1 软弱夹层平均厚度权重参数
Table 1. Weight parameters of average thickness of weak interlayers
软弱夹层类型 平均厚度/m 权重 自流井组 页岩 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 珍珠冲组 泥化夹层 0.3 0.2 煤层 0.1 0.1 
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表 2 软弱夹层埋藏深度权重参数
Table 2. Weight parameters of buried depth of the weak interlayer
深度范围/m 权重Wi [0, 10) 0.5 [10, 20) 0.4 [20, 30] 0.1
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表 3 顺层岩质滑坡易发性指标
Table 3. Susceptibility indicators of translational rockslide
评价指标 权重系数
(考虑软弱夹层)权重系数
(不考虑软弱夹层)三级指标 分值 一级 二级 地形地貌 坡型 0.0146 0.04 凹型 0.33 直线型 0.67 凸型 1.00 平均坡度/(°) 0.023 6 0.064 7 ＜20 0.33 [20, 25) 0.67 [25, 30] 1.00 临空面数量 0.0687 0.188 4 1 0.33 2 0.67 3 1.00 河流侵蚀坡脚坡度/(°) 0.040 9 0.112 2 < 10 0.25 [10, 20) 0.50 [20, 30] 0.75 >30 1.00 斜坡结构 坡度与地层倾角比 0.018 8 0.051 6 < 1 0.33 [1, 1.2] 0.67 >1.2 1.00 斜坡坡向与岩层层面夹角/(°) 0.028 2 0.077 3 ＞40 0.25 [30, 40] 0.50 [20, 30) 0.75 ＜20 1.00 控滑结构 30 m深度范围内软弱层贡献度/% 0.313 3 / < 20 0.2 [20, 40) 0.4 [40, 60) 0.6 [60, 80] 0.8 >80 1.0 软弱层主要类型 0.134 3 / 煤线 0.33 泥化层 0.67 页岩层 1.00 水文地质条件 汇水面积与单元面积之比 0.014 6 0.004 [0, 0.2) 0.25 [0.2, 1) 0.50 [1, 2] 0.75 >2 1.00 上覆岩层渗透性 0.048 3 0.132 4 小/泥页岩 0.33 中/砂岩 0.67 大/粉砂岩 1.00 冲沟密度 0.026 6 0.072 9 [6, 8) 0.25 [8, 10) 0.50 [10, 12) 0.75 [12, 14] 1.00 人类工程活动 道路开挖切坡高度/m 0.080 4 0.220 5 < 5 0.25 [5, 10) 0.50 [10, 15] 0.75 >15 1.00 是否揭露软弱层 0.187 7 / 否 0 是 1
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