Characterization of karst conduit structure based on multisource artificial tracer test: A case study of the Cangpuwa underground river in Guizhou Province
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摘要:
人工示踪试验是岩溶水文地质领域的重要研究手段, 分别在基流期和降水条件下对苍蒲凹地下河实施了多源示踪试验, 以探究其岩溶管道的展布特征。试验结果显示, 基流期和降水条件下均检测到来自水箐、黄连村及廖家坡3个落水洞的示踪剂, 降水条件下的示踪剂回收率分别为88.12%, 90.01%, 84.01%, 表明苍蒲凹地下河为多源单汇型地下河。基流期及降水条件下示踪剂运移特征均表明, 水箐至苍蒲凹的流动路径曲率最大, 黄连村至苍蒲凹的流动路径为主岩溶管道, 廖家坡至苍蒲凹的流动路径上存在双通道, 且在靠近地下河出口处存在溶潭, 据此建立了苍蒲凹地下河管道结构的概念模型。研究成果可为复杂岩溶地下河的水资源调查及开发利用提供依据。
Abstract:Artificial tracer test is an important research method in the field of karst hydrogeology. In this study, to understand the distribution characteristics of karst conduits more comprehensively, multisource tracer tests were carried out on the Cangpuwa underground river in the base flow period and precipitation conditions. The results showed that tracers from Shuiqing, Huangliancun, and Liaojiapo were detected in the base flow period and precipitation conditions. The tracer recoveries under precipitation conditions were 88.12%, 90.01%, and 84.01%, respectively, indicating that the Cangpuwa underground river was a multisource and single-sink underground river. According to the tracer transport characteristics in both the base flow period and precipitation conditions, a conceptual model of the Cangpuwa underground river karst conduit structure was constructed. The flow path from Shuiqing to Cangpuwa had the largest curvature, the flow path from Huanglian to Cangpuwa was mainly a karst conduit, there were two channels on the flow path from Liaojiapo to Cangpuwa, and there was a dissolved pool near the outlet of the underground river. The research results can provide a basis for the investigation and exploitation of water resources in complex karst underground rivers.
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图 1 研究区水文地质及剖面示意图
Figure 1. Hydrogeological information in the study area and the profile section
图 2 基流期示踪剂穿透曲线及其模拟结果
Figure 2. Tracer breakthrough curve and its simulation results in the base flow period
图 3 降水条件下示踪剂穿透曲线及其模拟结果
Figure 3. Tracer breakthrough curve and its simulation results under precipitation condition
图 4 苍蒲凹地下河岩溶管道概念模型
Figure 4. Conceptual model of karst conduits in the Cangpuwa underground river
表 1 研究区主要落水洞及地下河出口的基本特征
Table 1. Basic characteristics of main sink holes and underground river outlet in the study area
地理位置 苍蒲凹 水箐 黄连村 廖家坡 地层 茅口组
(P2m)茅口组
(P2m)栖霞组
(P2q)茅口组
(P2m)岩性 灰岩 灰岩 灰岩 灰岩 海拔/m 1 607.5 1 799.5 1 882.2 1 854.68 开口方向/(°) 170 90 180 90 形态特征 拱形 圆形 拱形 狭缝 水文属性 地下河出口 落水洞 落水洞 落水洞 
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表 2 基流期多源人工示踪方案
Table 2. Multisource artificial tracer test scheme in the base flow period
投放点 水箐 黄连村 廖家坡 接受点 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 投放时间 2018-8-15 18:40 2018-8-10 12:20 2018-8-10 15:00 示踪剂名称 荧光增白剂 荧光素钠 罗丹明 投放质量/kg 1 3 1
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表 3 降水条件下多源人工示踪方案
Table 3. Multisource artificial tracer test scheme under precipitation condition
投放点 水箐 黄连村 廖家坡 接受点 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 投放时间 2020-9-4 2:30 2020-9-4 2:30 2020-9-4 2:30 示踪剂名称 罗丹明 荧光增白剂 荧光素钠 投放质量/kg 6 6 6
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表 4 基流期示踪试验结果
Table 4. Results of tracer tests in the base flow period
投放点 水箐 黄连村 廖家坡 接受点 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 水平距离/m 4 970 7 900 8 360 水力坡度 0.044 0.034 0.030 初现时间/h 113.0 117.25 176.60 峰值时间/h 125.3 185.00 184.00 平均滞留时间/h 184.0 222.89 196.94 最大流速/(m·h-1) 43.90 67.38 47.32 峰值质量流速/(m·h-1) 39.67 42.70 45.40 平均流速/(m·h-1) 27.34 34.59 42.45 峰值浓度/(μg·L-1) 1.52 6.78 1.13 穿透曲线峰度 5.39 4.78 4.26 穿透曲线偏度 1.75 1.18 1.14 回收率/% 40.12 48.09 15.23 注: 峰值流速、峰值时间、峰值质量浓度均为第一个峰的特征值
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表 5 降水条件下示踪试验结果
Table 5. Results of tracer tests under precipitation condition
投放点 水箐 黄连村 廖家坡 接受点 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 苍蒲凹 水平距离/m 4 970 7 900 8 360 水力坡度 0.044 0.034 0.030 初现时间/h 52.6 49.0 113.50 峰值到达时间/h 60.25 53.50 153.50 平均滞留时间/h 64.03 54.57 180.36 最大流速/(m·h-1) 94.367 161.22 138.4 峰值流速/(m·h-1) 82.49 147.67 54.46 平均流速/(m·h-1) 77.61 145.01 46.35 峰值质量浓度/(μg·L-1) 18.08 32.40 8.79 穿透曲线峰度 4.43 3.27 1.518 1 穿透曲线偏度 1.635 0.269 1 0.286 4 回收率/% 88.12 90.01 84.01 注: 峰值流速、峰值时间、峰值质量浓度均为第一个峰的特征值
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表 6 地下河管道几何参数
Table 6. Geometrical parameters of karst conduits
几何参数 黄连村→苍蒲凹 水箐→苍蒲凹 廖家坡→苍蒲凹 管道体积/m3 0.535 5×106 0.742 0×106 0.170 3×107 管道湿截面积/m2 67.79 149.29 141.91 管道等效内径/m 4.64 6.89 6.72
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