Water vapor transport mechanism in unsaturated zone of rock slope and its ecological significance
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摘要: 岩质边坡非饱和带水分对于边坡植物生长具有重要的生态学意义。目前对岩质边坡非饱和带水汽运移的系统性研究还很少，现有研究大部分集中在大气与岩体的接触面和凝结水能否生成的定性层面，而未将边坡非饱和带作为一个系统整体来研究。为了阐明岩质边坡非饱和带的水汽运移机制及其与边坡植物生长之间的关系，运用热力学和系统科学的理论，开展边坡温湿度监测试验，进行了详细的水汽运移机制的研究。研究发现，岩质边坡非饱和带内的水汽运移驱动力为水汽分压梯度，水汽从水汽分压大的位置向水汽分压小的位置运移。冬季时，水汽从边坡深部向浅部运移，夏季时，水汽从大气向边坡深部运移。岩质边坡非饱和带内存在水汽饱和带，夏季范围较大，冬季范围收缩。同时，通过对岩质边坡复绿植物的成活率进行监测分析，论述了岩质边坡非饱和带内的水汽内循环机制及其生态学意义。本文对于研究岩体非饱和带水文学、探索植物水分来源、指导岩质边坡复绿乃至干旱半干旱带的生态修复都有极为重要的理论和现实意义。Abstract: Water in unsaturated zone of rock slope has important ecological significance for plant growth.At present, there are few systematic studies on water vapor transport in unsaturated zone of rock slope.Most of studies focus on the interface between atmosphere and rock mass and the qualitative level of whether condensate water can be generated, while the unsaturated zone of rock slope is not studied as a whole system.In order to elucidate the water vapor transport mechanism in unsaturated zone of rock slope and its relationship with plant growth, this paper carries out temperature and humidity monitoring test of the slope by means of thermodynamics and system science theory, and studies the water vapor transport mechanism in detail.It is found that the driving force of water vapor migration in the unsaturated zone of rock slope is the partial pressure gradient of water vapor.In winter, water vapor migrates from deep to shallow part of the slope; in summer, water vapor migrates from atmosphere to deep part of the slope.The unsaturated zone of rock slope has water vapor saturation zone, which is larger in summer and smaller in winter.At the same time, through monitoring and analyzing the survival rate of compound green plants in rock slope, the mechanism of water vapor circulation in unsaturated zone of rock slope and its ecological significance were discussed.This paper is of great theoretical and practical significance for studying hydrology of rock mass unsaturated zone, exploring the source of plant water, guiding the rehabilitation of rock slope and even arid and semi-arid zone.
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图 3 冬季(a)、夏季(b)水汽分压等值线图(单位:Pa)
Figure 3. The contour map of water vapor pressure in winter (a) and summer (b)
图 4 夏季(a)、冬季(b)饱和水汽带范围示意图
Figure 4. The distribution of water vapor saturation zone in summer (a) and winter (b)
表 1 植物成活率统计
Table 1. Statistics of plants survival rate
物种 拉丁学名 数量/棵 成活率/% 黄栌 Cotinuscoggygria Scop. 577 91.3 连翘 Forsythiasuspensa 193 77.6 爬山虎 Parthenocissus tricuspidata 20 95.0 凌霄 Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Schum. 17 80.6 紫藤 Wisteriasinensis (Sims)Sweet 18 82.3 侧柏 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 20 95.0 小叶扶芳藤 Euonymusfortunei var.radicans 20 75.0 腊梅 Chimonanthus praecox (Linn.) Link 10 80.0 紫丁香 Syringa oblata Lindl. 15 86.7 白皮松 Pinusbungeana Zucc.ex Endl. 15 73.3 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. 10 80.0 黑松 Pinusthunbergii Parl. 10 60.0 金银花 Lonicera japonicaThunb. 8 87.5 石榴 Punica granatum L. 8 100 山杏 Armeniaca sibirica (L.) Lam. 8 75 
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表 2 植物生长状况统计
Table 2. Statistics of plants growth status
物种 数量/棵 基径 高度(长度) 冠幅 值/mm 年增长率/% 值/cm 年增长率/% 值/cm 年增长率/% 黄栌 49 13.70 40.52 67.40 44.36 55.20 184.79 连翘 41 6.60 4.46 43.10 6.86 30.40 18.11 爬山虎 7 5.60 53.16 53.33 220.51 40.23 85.32 凌霄 7 6.84 13.33 32.75 14.04 26.54 36.54 紫藤 5 13.00 23.86 57.33 21.31 34.21 15.62 侧柏 11 11.79 34.21 63.90 41.52 27.10 42.58 扶芳藤 6 4.60 26.67 54.70 127.24 40.12 75.32 腊梅 4 7.75 23.11 39.00 19.64 30.00 60.00 丁香 5 11.80 15.56 75.00 75.00 49.00 86.11 白皮松 3 9.20 4.76 25.00 3.57 12.00 2.97 刺槐 4 19.00 96.15 96.00 132.86 112.00 329.66 黑松 5 7.75 2.72 57.3 5.32 24.87 2.15 金银花 2 7.10 21.00 23.00 65.00 40.00 50.00
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