Vertical heterogeneity and the main controlling factors of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in the Middle Yangtze region
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摘要:
中扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩在纵向上具有较强的非均质性, 影响着页岩储层含气性以及后期的可压裂性。本研究综合测井曲线、钻井岩心、薄片观察、有机碳测试、X衍射矿物测试以及主微量元素测试, 在建立研究区页岩等时地层层序格架的基础上, 剖析该套页岩在有机质丰度、矿物组分、页岩岩相等方面的非均质性特征, 结合恢复的古气候和古环境信息, 揭示控制非均质性的主控因素。研究结果表明: 五峰组-龙马溪组一段页岩识别出2个三级层序, 其中五峰组划分出海侵体系域(TST1)和高位体系域(HST), 龙马溪组一段划分出海侵体系域(TST2)和早期高位体系域(EHST)。海侵期页岩硅质含量高, 黏土含量较低, 有机碳含量高, 主要发育硅质页岩相和含黏土硅质页岩相; 早期高位域期, 页岩发育粉砂质条带和透镜状层理, 黏土含量较高, 有机碳含量较低, 主要发育含硅黏土质页岩相。古气候指标(CIA、Rb/Sr)、古生产力指标(Cu/Al、P/Al)、氧化还原条件指标(MoEF、UEF)以及陆源输入(Ti)指标在垂向上的变化表明研究区在海侵期具有较高古生产力, 缺氧的沉积环境、低陆源输入以及相对干燥寒冷的气候条件, 而高位体系域期, 研究区表现为古生产力较低、弱还原-氧化的沉积环境、高陆源输入以及相对温暖潮湿的气候条件。火山活动、底流作用、古气候、古生产力、氧化还原条件以及陆源输入是研究区五峰组-龙马溪一段页岩纵向非均质性的主控因素。最后通过与上扬子地区页岩层段参数对比, 发现研究区主要具有埋藏深度较深、富机质页岩层段明显偏薄、含气量偏低, 脆性矿物含量偏多等特征。
Abstract:The Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in the Middle Yangtze area have strong vertical heterogeneity, affecting the gas-bearing capacity of shale reservoirs and the fracturing ability.This study integrates wire-line logs, drilling cores, thin section observations, total organic carbon content, X-ray diffraction mineralogy measurement, and major, trace elements measurement.Under the stratigraphic sequence framework in the study area, the vertical variation of TOC content, mineralogical composition and shale lithofacies were studied.Combined with geochemical proxies for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental conditions, the main factors controlling vertical heterogeneity were discussed.The results show that the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales have two 3rd-order sequences.The Wufeng Formation is divided into the transgressive systems tract(TST1) and high stand systems tract(HST), and the Longmaxi Formation is divided into the transgressive systems tract(TST2) and the early high stand systems tract(EHST).During the transgression period, the shale has high silica content, low clay content, and high organic carbon content, and mainly developed siliceous shale facies and clay-bearing siliceous shale facies.In the early high-stand systems tract period, shale developed silty bands and lenticular bedding, with high clay content, and low organic carbon content, and mainly developed siliceous-clay mixed shale lithofacies.The vertical changes of paleoclimate indicators(CIA, Rb/Sr), paleo-productivity indicators(Cu/Al, P/Al), redox environmental indicators(MoEF, UEF), and terrestrial input(Ti, Zr) indicators indicate a high productivity, anoxic sedimentary environment, low terrestrial input and relatively dry and cold climate conditions for the transgression period, while during the high-stand systems tract deposition, the study area has low productivity, oxic-dysoxic environment, high terrestrial input and relatively warm and humid climateconditions.The paleo climate, paleo productivity, redox conditions, volcanic activity, terrestrial input and bottom currents are the main factors controlling the stratigraphic heterogeneity of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in the study area.Finally, by comparing with some parameters of the shale in the Upper Yangtze region, it is found that the study area shows the differences in deeper burial depth, thinner organic shale, lower gas content and more brittle mineral content.
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图 2 中扬子荆门地区A井(a)和B井(b)综合柱状图
Figure 2. Stratigraphic column of Well A(a) and Well B(b) in the Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 3 中扬子荆门地区上奥陶-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩岩心照片
a.黑色页岩中夹浅灰色或褐色斑脱岩(黄色箭头)，厚度约1.5 cm；b.TST1时期，A井，见大量笔石；c.TST1时期，B井，结核状黄铁矿(黄色箭头)；d.TST2时期，A井，见笔石；e.EHST时期，B井，见少量笔石；f.EHST时期，B井，见粉砂质条带(黄色箭头)
Figure 3. Core photographs and thin-section images of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 4 中扬子荆门地区内A井(a)、B井(b)和上扬子涪陵页岩气田(c)(据文献[28])页岩矿物组成三端元图解
硅质页岩相组合：S.硅质页岩相，S-1.含灰硅质页岩相，S-2.混合硅质页岩相，S-3.含黏土硅质页岩相；灰质页岩相组合：C.灰质页页岩相，C-1.含硅灰质页岩相，C-2.混合灰质页岩相，C-3.含黏土灰质页岩相；黏土质页岩相组合：CM.黏土质岩相，CM-1.含硅黏土质页岩相，CM-2.混合黏土质页岩相，CM-3.含灰黏土质页岩相；混合质页岩相组合：M.混合质页岩相，M-1.含灰/硅混合质页岩相，M-2.含黏土/硅混合质页岩相，M-3.含黏土/灰混合质页岩相
Figure 4. Ternary diagram showing the mineralogy compositions in Wells A and B in Jingmen area of the Middle Yangtze, and the Fuling shale gas field in the Upper Yangtze(a)
图 5 中扬子荆门地区上奥陶-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩岩心及薄片透射光照片
a.硅质页岩相，A井, 见大量笔石；b.硅质页岩相，A井, 见海绵骨针；c.硅质页岩相，A井, 见大量放射虫；d.含黏土硅质页岩相，B井，见大量笔石；e.含黏土硅质页岩相井，B井，见黄铁矿条带；f.含黏土硅质页岩相，B井，见大量硅质放射虫，部分被黄铁矿交代
Figure 5. Core photographs and thin-section images of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 6 中扬子荆门地区上奥陶-下志留统五峰组-龙马溪组页岩岩心及薄片透射光照片
a.含硅黏土质页岩相，B井，见黑色泥岩和灰色粉砂质条带(黄色箭头)互层发育；b.见粉砂质条带(黄色箭头)，B井；c.含硅黏土质页岩相，A井，见透镜状粉砂岩；d.含硅黏土质页岩相，B井，石英颗粒较多，水平层理和低角度交错层理(黄色实线)；e.含硅黏土质页岩相，B井，见粉砂质条带，递变层理；f.含硅黏土质页岩相，见粉砂质条带(黄色箭头)和透镜状的黏土矿物(黄色虚线)，B井，细小的粉砂状石英分散在富含黏土的基质中
Figure 6. Core photographs and thin-section images of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 7 中扬子荆门地区A井(a)、B井(b)五峰组-龙马溪组页岩TOC含量、岩相组合及矿物组分质量分数的垂向变化
Figure 7. Vertical variation in TOC contents, lithofacies assemblages and mineralogical composition contents of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations of Well A、B in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 8 中扬子荆门地区A井(a)、B井(b)五峰组-龙马溪组页岩的TOC质量浓度、古生产力指标(Cu/Al、P/Al)、氧化还原指标(UEF、MoEF)、陆源输入指标(Ti、Zr)以及古气候(CIA、Rb/Sr)的垂向变化特征
Figure 8. Vertical variation characteristics of TOC content, paleoproductivity proxies(Cu/Al, P/Al), redox proxies(UEF, MoEF), terrestrial input proxies(Ti) and paleoclimate proxies(CIA, Rb/Sr) of Wufeng-Longmaxi shales of Well A in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
图 9 中扬子荆门地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩层序地层演化模式
Figure 9. Sequence stratigraphy evolution model for the Wufeng-Longmaxi shales in Jingmen area, Middle Yangtze Platform
表 1 中扬子荆门地区和上扬子涪陵页岩气田和长宁-威远页岩示范区地质参数对比
Table 1. Comparison of geological parameters in Jingmen area, Fuling shale gas field and Changning-Weiyuan shale demonstration area of Middle Yangtze and Upper Yangtze regions
对比参数 荆门地区 涪陵页岩气田 长宁-威远页岩示范区 产层 五峰组-龙马溪组底部 五峰组-龙马溪组底部 五峰组-龙马溪组底部 埋藏深度/m 3 600~3 900 2 400~3 500 2 300~3 400 岩性特征 黑色硅质页岩、深灰色页岩和粉砂质页岩 炭质笔石页岩、粉砂质页岩 灰黑色粉砂质页岩 富有机质层段厚度/m 18~20 36~45 32~48 沉积特征 深水陆棚相 深水陆棚相 深水陆棚相 有机碳质量浓度[(最小值~ 最大值)/平均值]/% (1.78~4.53)/3.2 (1.5~6.1)/3.8 (1.9~7.3)/4.0 含气量[(最小值~ 最大值)/平均值]/(m3·t-1) (1.2~5.8)/3.5 (4.0~7.7)/6.1 (1.7~6.5)/4.1 岩相类型 硅质页岩相、含黏土硅质页岩相和含硅黏土质页岩相 含黏土硅质页岩相、含黏土/硅混合质页岩相和含硅黏土质页岩相 含黏土硅质页岩相、黏土质页岩相 注：表格数据来自于参考文献[25, 44-47] 
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