峡口隧道间歇性岩溶涌突水过程及来源解析

罗明明; 周宏; 郭绪磊; 陈乾龙; 齐凌轩; 况野

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0054

峡口隧道间歇性岩溶涌突水过程及来源解析

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0054

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41807199

中国地质调查局项目 12120113103800

中国地质调查局项目 DD20190824

湖北交投集团委托项目 2020296639

详细信息

作者简介:
罗明明(1989-), 男, 副教授, 主要从事水文地质环境地质方面的教学与研究工作。E-mail: luomingming@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
周宏(1962-), 男, 教授, 主要从事水文地质环境地质方面的调查与研究工作。E-mail: zhouhong@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: X43
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-02-28

Processes and sources identification of intermittent karst water inrush in Xiakou Tunnel

摘要

摘要: 岩溶涌突水问题勘察与防治一直是隧道工程建设面临的难题。峡口隧道有着较长的岩溶涌突水历史，为了查明间歇性涌突水来源，探究岩溶水系统结构对涌突水过程的控制作用，综合利用水文地质调查、水文学和水文地球化学等方法对涌突水来源和过程进行了识别与分析。结果表明：在研究区孟家陵一带存在地下水分水岭，北部和南部的地下水分别向响龙洞和峡口洞排泄。在集中涌水事件中，次涌水总量与次降雨量具有显著的线性正相关关系，集中涌水与4条盲沟排水在水文地球化学特征上具有同源性，均来自于隧道北部的岩溶水；在隧道稳定排水期间，右洞北侧盲沟主要排泄隧道北部的岩溶水，其他3处盲沟排水则主要来源于碎屑岩裂隙水；集中涌水点位于峡口岩溶水系统的饱水带附近，强降雨导致隧道上方整体处于充水状态，涌水点截断了岩溶通道的快速流而发生涌突水，并且混合了小比例的基流。在岩溶涌突水问题研究中，综合利用多技术方法和多信息渠道验证可提高涌突水来源分析的准确性。
- 峡口隧道 /
- 岩溶 /
- 涌突水 /
- 来源识别
Abstract: The investigation and prevention of karst water inrush is a difficult problem in tunnel construction. The Xiakou Tunnel has a long history of karst water inrush.To identify the source of intermittent water inrush and explore the controlling effect of karst water system to the process of water inrush, the hydrogeological survey, hydrological and hydrogeochemical methods were used to identify the sources and processes of water inrush. The results show that, there is a groundwater divide at the area of Mengjialing, and the groundwater in the northern and southern area discharge into Xianglongdong and Xiakoudong, respectively. In the events of concentrated water inrush, the total amount of event water inrush has a significant linear positive correlation with the rainfall event, and the hydrogeochemical composition of the water inrush is very similar to that of the four blind drainage ditches, which indicates that all these water inrushes and blind drainage ditches come from the karst water in the northern part of the tunnel. During the stable drainage period, the karst water in the northern part of the tunnel is mainly discharged through the blind drainage ditch on the north of the right tunnel, while the groundwater of other three blind drainage ditches come from the fissure water in clastic rock.The concentrated water inrush point is located on the surface of saturated zone in the karst water system of Xiakou. The heavy rainfall events made the upper part of tunnel to be filled with karst water.The water inrush was caused by intercepting the fast flow in karst channel, and small part of base flow was mixed into the water inrush. In the study of karst water inrush, the comprehensive utilization of multi-technical methods and multi-information verifications can improve the accuracy in the source identification of water inrush.
- Xiakou Tunnel /
- karst /
- water inrush /
- source identification

HTML全文

图 1 研究区水文地质图

J₂s.沙溪庙组；J₃s.遂宁组；O₁n-h.南津关组+红花园组；∈₂q.覃家庙组；∈₁t+sl.天河板组+石龙洞组；∈₁n+s.牛碲塘组+石牌组；Z₂∈₁d.灯影组；Nh₃n.南沱组；Pt₃Tj.田家坪组；Ar_2-3Dgn.郭家窑组

Figure 1. Hydrogeological map of the study area

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图 2 研究区三维水文地质结构示意图

Figure 2. Three-dimensional hydrogeological structure diagram of the study area

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图 3 峡口隧道2020年7-12月的涌突水过程

①~⑤代表 5次隧道涌突水事件，详细信息见表 4

Figure 3. Water inrush processes of Xiakou Tunnel from July to December 2020

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图 4 月度取样水化学成分对比

Figure 4. Comparison of chemical composition of monthly sampling water

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图 5 研究区不同水点的月度氘氧同位素分布

Figure 5. Distribution of monthly deuterium and oxygen isotopes at different water points in the study area

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图 6 次涌水总量与次降雨量的关系(①~⑤号为涌突水编号)

Figure 6. Relationship between event total water inrush and rainfall event

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图 7 右洞涌水点过程采样的氘氧同位素变化曲线

Figure 7. Variation curve of deuterium and oxygen isotopes in water inrush process of the right tunnel

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表 1 峡口隧道涌水历史

Table 1. Water inrush history of Xiakou Tunnel

涌水位置	涌水时间	涌水路段里程桩号	最大涌水量/(m³·h^-1)	涌水段围岩
通风斜井	2011.08.28-2012.03.05	XJK0+077~101	300	大冶组(T₁d)薄-中厚层灰岩
隧道左洞	2012.05.07-2012.05.12	ZK107+552~555	480	栖霞组(P₁q)灰岩夹页岩、泥层
隧道右洞	2012.06.09-2012.06.29	YK107+555~595	360	栖霞组(P₁q)中厚层灰岩夹泥层
通风斜井	2014.08.31-2014.09.10	XJK0+077~101	500	大冶组(T₁d)薄-中厚层灰岩
隧道左洞	2020.04.19-2020.06.28	ZK109+225~275	300	嘉陵江组(T_1-2j)薄-中薄层白云岩
隧道右洞	2020.04.19-2020.11.30	YK109+229~279	14 947	嘉陵江组(T_1-2j)薄-中薄层白云岩

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表 2 2015-2016年月度水化学与氘氧同位素统计值

Table 2. Statistics of monthly water chemistry and deuterium-hydrogen isotope from 2015 to 2016

取样位置	统计值	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Sr²⁺	SO₄^2-	Cl^-	HCO₃^-	NO₃^-	TDS	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给高程/m
取样位置	统计值	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)										δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	补给高程/m
响龙洞	平均值	0.78	1.47	69.45	6.44	0.58	22.54	2.04	207.22	6.70	213.02	-53.20	-8.47	1 013
响龙洞	标准差	0.14	0.22	11.02	1.04	0.14	5.85	1.14	24.94	1.98	21.77	4.04	0.45	-
右洞北侧盲沟	平均值	0.97	2.58	62.17	5.00	0.55	15.55	1.62	195.68	2.65	188.37	-57.48	-8.98	1 225
右洞北侧盲沟	标准差	0.41	0.60	12.49	0.81	0.07	3.16	1.10	26.98	0.60	19.90	2.24	0.47	-
左洞南侧盲沟	平均值	5.98	26.65	48.68	7.25	4.40	61.45	2.63	177.53	3.04	244.45	-59.53	-9.00	1 233
左洞南侧盲沟	标准差	2.02	10.50	11.45	1.30	1.68	22.36	1.21	26.12	1.12	29.49	2.39	0.39	-

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表 3 水化学和稳定氘氧同位素测定结果

Table 3. The results of hydrochemistry and stable deuterium-oxygen isotopes

取样地点	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Sr²⁺	SO₄^2-	Cl^-	HCO₃^-	NO₃^-	TDS	δ¹⁸O/‰	δD/‰	取样时间	备注
取样地点	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)										δ¹⁸O/‰	δD/‰	取样时间	备注
通风斜井涌水	1.25	1.95	59.27	2.96	0.51	29.95	4.87	180	2.46	193	-	-	2014.09.02	15 L/s
通风斜井涌水	3.44	2.28	67.89	3.32	0.88	44.28	5.10	194	4.38	228	-	-	2014.09.03	10 L/s
右洞北侧盲沟	1.32	1.41	59.49	3.52	0.56	24.85	5.14	210	5.77	207	-	-	2014.09.02	385 L/s
右洞南侧盲沟	4.29	4.36	53.36	2.61	1.13	35.16	5.50	205	7.71	217	-	-	2014.09.02	98 L/s
左洞北侧盲沟	2.56	3.58	59.15	4.55	0.72	22.62	5.14	238	7.36	225	-	-	2014.09.02	58 L/s
左洞南侧盲沟	5.12	7.24	49.73	3.35	2.19	38.05	5.31	200	8.75	220	-	-	2014.09.02	42 L/s
孟家陵表层泉	0.34	1.08	40.20	12.20	0.04	6.44	0.62	168	0.29	247	-8.88	-51.63	2020.07.20	涌突水①
右洞涌水点	3.49	1.21	64.80	8.74	0.65	15.20	1.15	189	2.81	312	-8.62	-53.09	2020.07.20	涌突水①
右洞南侧盲沟	1.62	4.33	62.90	4.06	0.72	19.90	1.01	178	3.72	296	-8.80	-53.58	2020.07.20	涌突水①
左洞南侧开孔	0.86	1.16	65.40	7.45	0.57	14.80	0.92	198	2.71	314	-8.46	-53.08	2020.07.20	涌突水①
左洞南侧盲沟	1.23	2.38	63.90	7.46	0.87	20.60	0.95	191	2.71	327	-8.59	-53.09	2020.07.20	涌突水①
响龙洞	0.85	1.54	73.30	6.79	0.55	21.20	1.33	210	5.90	342	-8.89	-53.96	2020.07.20	涌突水①
孟家陵落水洞	3.42	0.84	36.80	1.40	1.18	7.80	0.46	120	2.32	174	-10.84	-69.39	2020.07.26	涌突水②
右洞涌水点	1.48	1.31	66.60	9.68	1.05	27.00	0.91	251	1.10	339	-8.75	-52.21	2020.07.26	涌突水②
左洞南侧开孔	1.36	1.32	65.80	9.30	0.97	23.10	0.90	235	2.08	323	-8.80	-52.06	2020.07.26	涌突水②
响龙洞	0.69	1.65	75.20	7.65	0.84	20.10	1.35	253	6.16	354	-9.05	-53.70	2020.07.26	涌突水②
右洞涌水点	2.77	2.09	61.80	9.90	2.14	24.30	0.97	214	2.05	305	-8.65	-54.39	2020.07.30	停止涌水
左洞南侧盲沟	3.59	11.30	55.10	8.40	3.31	41.70	1.52	181	1.88	277	-8.56	-56.48	2020.07.30	停止涌水
响龙洞	0.64	1.49	70.60	6.29	0.50	17.20	1.17	231	5.87	329	-8.51	-55.26	2020.07.30	停止涌水
右洞北侧盲沟	0.88	2.83	56.70	3.50	0.45	14.10	0.78	211	3.50	293	-8.82	-55.11	2020.08.10	停止涌水
右洞南侧盲沟	1.46	10.50	54.40	3.80	0.64	22.10	1.06	210	3.18	307	-8.92	-55.70	2020.08.10	停止涌水
左洞北侧盲沟	6.00	24.60	44.00	9.80	3.85	61.90	1.84	185	0.59	334	-9.01	-57.61	2020.08.10	停止涌水
左洞南侧盲沟	4.80	28.90	43.20	7.78	3.84	57.00	1.98	190	1.10	336	-8.92	-58.00	2020.08.10	停止涌水
响龙洞	0.74	2.19	63.90	7.19	0.47	19.50	1.30	250	6.66	352	-8.70	-54.95	2020.08.10	停止涌水

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表 4 次降水量与次涌水总量对比

Table 4. Comparison of event rainfall and event total water inrush

编号	降雨日期	次降雨量/mm	次涌水总量/10⁴m³	次涌水补给系数
①	2020.07.16-07.18	54	43	0.44
②	2020.07.25-07.26	35	25	0.39
③	2020.10.01-10.06	140	123	0.48
④	2020.10.14-10.15	13	16	0.66
⑤	2020.11.17-11.24	83	75	0.49
总计		325	281	0.47

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