Sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of hyperpycnal flow in the Lower Shahejie Formation of Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要:
分析陆相断陷湖盆异重流沉积的识别特征、异重流水下扇沉积体系的横向、垂向沉积序列、以及不同物源碎屑成因的异重流的沉积差异性, 从而探讨陆相断陷湖盆中异重流沉积的控制因素。以歧口凹陷沙一下异重流沉积为研究对象, 对研究区钻井岩心、测录井、地震属性以及粒度分析资料进行综合分析。结果表明, 研究区异重流具有3种典型沉积识别特征: ①两类沉积序列, 分别为下部逆粒序、上部正粒序的纺锤状二元结构沉积序列以及厚度较大且粒度特征变化不明显的均一结构沉积序列; ②粒度分析特征以递变悬浮载荷为主, 累计概率曲线类型以复杂多段式、上拱曲线式、低斜率两段式为特征; ③岩相特征为侵蚀充填沉积、广泛发育且类型多样的层理构造, 其次为陆源褐红色泥质层、褐红色泥砾以及大量的植物茎干碎片和炭质碎屑。研究区异重流沉积接受多支物源供给表现出水道化特征, 葛沽物源为最主要物源, 总体具有长距离搬运、多个朵体发育、大范围沿路沉积等特征。建立了研究区扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲物源重力流沉积模式。断陷湖盆背景下异重流沉积的控制因素为古物源、古地貌、古气候3个方面, 异重流沉积是断陷湖盆中广泛发育的沉积类型, 其中异重流水道砂岩具有良好的储集物性, 是陆相断陷湖盆油气勘探的重要方向与突破点。
Abstract:This study clarified the sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnal flow sediments, investigated the plane and vertical characteristics and the differences in hyperpycnal flow sedimentary systems from different provenances, and finally discussed the controlling factors of hyperpycnal flow in rift basins. The sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnal flow in the Lower Shahejie Formation of the Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin have been studied through the comprehensive analysis of drilling core, logging, seismic attribute, and grain data.The results show that there are three typical recognition features for the hyperpycnal flow deposits in the study area: ① The vertical sedimentary sequence is composed of a reverse grain grading in the lower part, a normal grain grading in the upper part and a relatively thick layer with no obvious change in grain size; ② The sediment is dominated by a gradual suspension. The types of cumulative probability curves include a complex multistage style, an upper arch style and a low slope two-stage style; ③ The lithofacies is characterized by erosional filling deposition and various bedding structures with the development of maroon argillaceous layers, maroon gravels, abundant plant debris and carbonaceous debris. The channelized hyperpycnal flow sediments have multiple sources. The most significant source is the Gegu source, which is characterized by a long-distance transportation path, multiple flower bodies and widespread deposits along the transportation path.Two types of sedimentary models are established in this study, and the controlling factors of hyperpycnal flow include paleogeomorphology, paleoprovenance and paleoclimate. Considering that hyperpycnal flow widely exists in rift lacustrine basins with its channel sandstone bodies being good reservoir properties, our study suggests that hyperpycnal flow is a breakthrough point for oil and gas exploration in continental rift lacustrine basins.
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Key words:
- hyperpycnal flow /
- Qikou Sag /
- rift basin /
- sedimentary characteristics /
- control factors
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图 2 歧口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流典型沉积序列
a.TSS1井沙一下亚段异重流岩心柱状图(二元结构)；b.TSS2井沙一下亚段异重流岩心柱状图(均一结构)
Figure 2. Typical sedimentary sequence of hyperpycnal flow in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 3 歧口凹陷沙一下沉积物粒度分布C-M图
Figure 3. C-M grain size distribution of sediments in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 4 歧口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流粒度累积概率曲线图
Figure 4. Cumulative probability curve of hyperpycnal flow sediments in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 5 歧口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流侵蚀充填沉积特征
a.LC-3井，3 584.52 m，灰色细砂岩-砾岩-灰色细砂岩，S2段砂质支撑砾岩，成分混杂，砾石有定向排列趋势；b.LC-3井，3 583.23 m，灰色细砂岩-砂质支撑砾岩，顶部砾岩成分混杂，见拉长状泥砾，中间见砂质条带充填，砾石略定向排列；c.LC-7井，3 646.27 m，灰白色细砂岩，可见明显定向排列的泥砾；d.LC-2，3 494.87 m，砂砾岩，砾石磨圆较好，呈漂浮状，排列无定向
Figure 5. Sedimentary characteristics of erosion filling in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 6 歧口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流层理构造特征
a.H-3井，4 165.24 m，灰色细砂岩-灰色中砂岩叠置发育形成连续的逆-正粒序，发育平行层理；b.H-3井，4 166.25 m，灰白色细砂岩，由下而上重复发育小型交错层理、攀升交错层理；c.LC-7井，3 642.02 m，黑色泥岩-灰色细砂岩叠置发育形成连续的逆-正粒序，发育水平层理；d.LC-5井，3 944.80 m，灰色细砂岩夹泥质纹层，可见波状层理
Figure 6. Characteristics of the bedding structure in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 7 口凹陷中部沙一下亚段异重流有机质及环境岩相特征
a.LC-1井，2 998.06 m，灰色粉砂岩，见大量植物茎干碎片和炭质碎屑；b.LC-6井，3 633.20 m，灰色粉砂岩，见大量植物茎干碎片和炭质碎屑；c.LC-8井，3 603.93 m，灰白色细砂岩，可见夹杂褐红色泥砾；d.LC-8井，3 688.00 m，灰白色细砂岩，可见夹杂大块褐红色泥砾，直径可达4 cm
Figure 7. Organic matter and environmental characteristics in Es1x of the central Qikou Sag
图 8 歧口凹陷沙一下亚段连井剖面沉积相对比图
Figure 8. Sedimentary facies analysis by cross section in Es1x of central Qikou Sag
图 9 歧口凹陷沙一下亚段异重流沉积相平面展布特征
Figure 9. Plane distribution of hyperpycnal flow deposits in Es1x of central Qikou Sag
图 10 歧口凹陷沙一下异重流沉积模式图
a.断层转换带(断槽、断坡)控制的葛沽物源(扇三角洲)异重流；b.多级断阶控制的埕宁隆起(辫状河三角洲)物源异重流
Figure 10. Sedimentary model of hyperpycnal flow in Es1x of central Qikou Sag
表 1 研究区沉积微相划分标准(据文献[28]修改)
Table 1. Classification standard for sedimentary facies in the study area
沉积微相 砂岩体积分数/% 单层厚度/m 岩性特征 沉积构造 测井特征 主水道 ＞35 ＞10.0 砂质支撑砾岩
多级颗粒支撑砂砾岩泥质漂砾
褐色砂质漂砾
定向排列砾石正旋回箱型曲线
高幅齿化箱型曲线分支水道 35~15 1~10.0 多级颗粒支撑中砂岩
多级颗粒支撑细砂岩褐色砂质漂砾
递变粒序
平行层理逆正旋回钟型-薄箱型曲线
高幅齿化箱型曲线水道侧缘 15~5 1~0.1 多级颗粒支撑细砂岩
多级颗粒支撑粉砂岩波状交错层理
攀升交错层理高幅齿化箱型-钟形曲线
中幅锯齿状曲线浊积席状砂 ＜5 ＜0.1 多级颗粒支撑粉砂岩
砂泥岩互层水平层理
多旋回砂泥岩互层高幅指状、锯齿状曲线
多旋回低幅指状曲线深湖泥 ≈0 ≈0 深色泥岩 块状构造 低幅锯齿状曲线 
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