Suitability evaluation of the exploitation and utilization of marine sand resources for construction: Taking the east exit of Qiongzhou Strait as an example
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摘要:
经济的快速发展, 对砂石料的需求巨大, 海砂的开发成为当前的热点。琼州海峡东口海砂资源丰富, 资源潜力概算可达数十亿方。依据前期调查数据, 选取含泥量、含砂量、粒级、海砂厚度、水深和离岸距离6类指标, 采用层次分析法, 构造判断矩阵计算评价因子的权重, 运用ArcGIS空间分析功能进行叠加, 对琼州海峡东口的海砂进行了开发适宜性评价。结果表明: 经计算将研究区分为开发适宜性好、较好、中等、较差、差5个等级, 其中浅滩区域海砂规模大、质量好、水深浅和开采环境影响小, 其开发适宜性最佳。分析了不同的指标对海砂开发适宜性的影响, 在浅滩区, 厚度和含砂量指标贡献较大; 在近岸海湾, 环境影响是主要因子; 在琼州海峡深槽区, 水深条件则成为海砂开发的主要限制条件。根据海砂资源的特点, 建立了以资源自然属性、开发技术条件、生态环境影响和行政管理为主要因子的海砂开发利用适宜性评价体系, 具体工作可选取不同的指标开展评价。研究结果可以为研究区海砂的开发利用和其他区域海砂开发适宜性评价提供参考。
Abstract:With the rapid development of economy, there is a huge demand for sand and gravel, and the development of marine sand has become a current hot spot. The east exit of Qiongzhou Strait is rich in marine sand resources, and its resource potential is in the billions of square meters. This paper evaluates the suitability of exploitation and utilization of marine sand in the east exit of Qiongzhou Strait.Six indicators of mud content, sand content, grain size, sea sand thickness, water depth and offshore distance are considered.The collected data are analyzed using analytic hierarchy process, where in the weights of considered indicators are calculated and superimposed based on constructed judgment matrix and ArcGIS spatial analysis. Furthermore, the study area are divided into five grades of exploitation suitability. It is found that the marine sand in the shoal area has the best exploitation suitability because of its large scale, good quality, shallow water depth and little influence on mining environment.In addition, this paper analyses the influence of different indicators on the suitability of marine sand exploitation. In the shoal area, the thickness and sand content contribute greatly. In near shore bay, environmental impact is the main factor. In the deep trough area, the water depth becomes the main restrictive condition for marine sand exploitation. Finally, this paper establishes a marine sand exploitation and utilization suitability evaluation system based on key factors of natural property of resources, technical conditions of exploitation, ecological environment impact and administrative management.
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图 2 海砂开发适宜性评价体系图
Figure 2. Evaluation system chart of marine sand development suitability
图 4 海砂开发利用适宜性分区图
Figure 4. Suitability zoning map of marine sand exploration and utilization
表 1 标度及其含义
Table 1. Scale and its meaning
标度值 含义 1 B2与B1同等重要 3 B2比B1稍微重要 5 B2比B1明显重要 7 B2比B1强烈重要 9 B2比B1极端重要 2, 4, 6, 8 2，4，6，8分别表示相邻判断的中值 
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表 2 平均随机一致性指标
Table 2. Average random consistency index
阶数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 RI 0 0 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.59
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表 3 C1层判断矩阵(含泥量)
Table 3. Judgment matrix of the C1 layer(mud content)
C1 >40% [20%, 40%] [5%, 20%) < 5% 权重 >40% 1 1/4 1/7 1/9 0.043 [20%, 40%] 4 1 1/5 1/7 0.100 [5%, 20%) 7 5 1 1/3 0.288 < 5% 9 7 3 1 0.569
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表 4 C2层判断矩阵(含砂量)
Table 4. Judgment matrix of the C2 layer(sand content)
C2 < 50% [50%, 60%) [60%, 70%) [70%, 80%) [80%, 90%] >90% 权重 < 50% 1 1/2 1/4 1/6 1/7 1/8 0.030 [50%, 60%) 2 1 1/3 1/5 1/6 1/7 0.044 [60%, 70%) 4 3 1 1/3 1/5 1/6 0.083 [70%, 80%) 6 5 3 1 1/4 1/5 0.146 [80%, 90%] 7 6 5 4 1 1/3 0.265 >90% 8 7 6 5 3 1 0.432
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表 5 C3层判断矩阵(粒级)
Table 5. Judgment matrix of the C3 layer(particle size)
C3 粗砂 中砂 细砂 粉砂及以下 权重 粗砂 1 1/3 2 5 0.233 中砂 3 1 5 8 0.573 细砂 1/2 1/5 1 4 0.143 粉砂及以下 1/5 1/8 1/4 1 0.051
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表 6 C4层判断矩阵(厚度)
Table 6. Judgment matrix of the C4 layer(thickness)
C4 >30 m [20, 30] m [15, 20) m [5, 15) m < 5 m 权重 >30 m 1 5 6 8 9 0.545 [20, 30] m 1/5 1 4 5 7 0.238 [15, 20) m 1/6 1/4 1 3 5 0.120 [5, 15) m 1/8 1/5 1/3 1 3 0.063 >5 m 1/9 1/7 1/5 1/3 1 0.034
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表 7 C5层判断矩阵(水深)
Table 7. Judgment matrix of the C5 layer(water depth)
C5 >50 m [30, 50] m [15, 30) m < 15 m 权重 >50 m 1 1/5 1/6 1/9 0.043 [30, 50] m 5 1 1/4 1/5 0.129 [15, 30) m 6 4 1 1/3 0.276 < 15 m 9 5 3 1 0.552
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表 8 C6层判断矩阵(离岸距离)
Table 8. Judgment matrix of the C6 layer(Offshore distance)
C6 [0, 2) km [2, 5) km [5, 10) km [10, 15] km >15 km 权重 [0, 2) km 1 1/3 1/5 1/7 1/9 0.035 [2, 5) km 3 1 1/3 1/5 1/7 0.068 [5, 10) km 5 3 1 1/3 1/5 0.134 [10, 15] km 7 5 3 1 1/3 0.260 >15 km 9 7 5 3 1 0.503
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表 9 B1层判断矩阵
Table 9. Judgment matrix of B1 layer
B1 含泥量 含砂量 粒级 权重 含泥量 1 1 1/2 0.250 含砂量 1 1 1/2 0.250 粒级 2 2 1 0.500
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表 10 A层判断矩阵
Table 10. Judgment matrix of layer A
A 海砂质量 海砂资源规模 开采技术条件 环境影响 权重 海砂质量 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 0.124 海砂资源规模 3 1 2 1 0.365 开采技术条件 2 1/2 1 1 0.234 环境影响 2 1 1 1 0.277
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表 11 各指标的组合权重
Table 11. Combined weight of each index
层次A B1海砂质量 B2海砂资源规模 B3开采技术条件 B4环境影响 0.124 0.365 0.234 0.277 层次B C1含泥量 C2含砂量 C3粒级 C4厚度 C5水深 C6离岸距离 0.250 0.250 0.500 0.365 0.234 0.277 层次C 分级/% 权重 组合权重 分级/% 权重 组合权重 分级 权重 组合权重 分级/m 权重 组合权重 分级/m 权重 组合权重 分级/km 权重 组合权重 >40 0.043 0.001 3 < 50 0.030 0.000 9 粗砂 0.233 0.014 4 >30 0.545 0.198 9 >50 0.043 0.010 1 [0, 2) 0.035 0.009 7 [20, 40] 0.100 0.003 1 [50, 60) 0.044 0.001 4 中砂 0.573 0.035 5 [20, 30] 0.238 0.086 9 [30, 50] 0.129 0.030 2 [2, 5) 0.068 0.0188 [5, 20) 0.288 0.008 9 [60, 70) 0.083 0.002 6 细砂 0.143 0.008 9 [15, 20) 0.120 0.043 8 [15, 30) 0.276 0.064 6 [5, 10) 0.134 0.0371 < 5 0.569 0.017 6 [70, 80) 0.146 0.004 5 粉砂及以下 0.051 0.003 2 [5, 15) 0.063 0.023 0 15 0.552 0.129 2 [10, 15] 0.260 0.072 0 - [80, 90] 0.265 0.008 2 - < 5 0.034 0.0124 - >15 0.503 0.139 3 - >90 0.432 0.013 4 - - - -
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表 12 适宜程度分级表
Table 12. Grading of suitability
适宜程度 适宜性差 适宜性较差 适宜性中等 适宜性较好 适宜性好 分值 [0.076 0, 0.152 5) [0.152 5, 0.197 2) [0.197 2, 0.262 7) [0.262 7, 0.358 9) [0.358 9, 0.525 2]
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表 13 海砂资源开发利用适宜性评价指标体系
Table 13. Evaluation index system of suitability for exploitation and utilization of marine sand resources
目标层 宏观因子 评价因子 可选指标 海砂开发利用适宜性 资源的自然属性(地质特征) 平面规模 连续分布面积、长度、宽度 沉积厚度 砂层总厚度、单层厚度、可采厚度 夹层或盖层 盖层厚度、夹层数量、夹层厚度、夹层性质等 赋存状态 产状形态、是否出露、是否含夹层等 组分含量 含砾量、含砂量、含泥量 粒度特征 平均粒径、分选系数、细度模数、颗粒级配 有用矿物含量 石英、长石、重矿物等含量 有害物质 轻物质含量、硫化物含量、贝壳含量、有机物含量、云母含量、石粉含量、泥块含量 物理力学性能 密度、孔隙度、坚固性、碱集料反应 资源动态 沉积环境、补给冲淤 开发技术条件 气候条件 风速风向、极端天气、气温降水、大雾等 水动力条件 潮流、波浪、沿岸流等 地形地貌 水深、坡度、平整度、特殊地貌 工程地质 断裂、基底稳定性、海砂堆积稳定性等 环境地质 地质灾害、泥砂扩散条件等 生态环境影响(风险) 地质环境 对海岸的影响(如离岸距离)、对海底稳定性的影响、对海底冲淤的影响、对沉积物的污染等 生态环境 栖息地、产卵地、特殊生态功能区、生物聚集区等 水环境 悬沙扩散、化学污染、环流改变等 极端事件 风暴潮、海啸、灾害性海浪、海冰、台风等 行政管理 规划 矿产资源、国土空间、海洋功能、生态保护(如生态红线)等 管控 军事区、航道区、海底管线、旅游区、渔业区、工程建设区、特殊区域等
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