张家口坝下地区高氟地下水成因分析与健康风险评价

宋晓光; 芦岩; 梁仕凯; 胡斌

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0070

张家口坝下地区高氟地下水成因分析与健康风险评价

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0070

宋晓光^1,,
芦岩¹,
梁仕凯¹,
胡斌^{2, 3, ,}

基金项目:

河北省国土资源厅项目 2013995431

中国博士后科学基金项目 2020M680698

详细信息

作者简介:
宋晓光(1989-), 男, 工程师, 主要从事水工环地质研究工作。E-mail: songxggtzx@163.com

通讯作者:
胡斌(1989-), 男, 主要从事水文地球化学方面研究工作。E-mail: binhu@rcess.ac.cn

中图分类号: P641;X141
计量
- 文章访问数: 783
- PDF下载量: 71
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-03-31
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-02

Analysis of high-fluoride groundwater formation mechanisms and assessment of health risk in Baxia region, Zhangjiakou

Song Xiaoguang^1
,,
Lu Yan¹,
Liang Shikai¹,
Hu Bin^{2, 3
, ,}

摘要

摘要: 为了明晰张家口坝下地区高氟地下水的成因，探究其对当地居民饮用水安全的潜在影响，采集了391组潜水样品（井深≤ 100 m），通过水化学分析法、图解法、离子比例法、饱和指数计算法等对高氟地下水的分布与成因进行了分析，并利用美国EPA非致癌健康风险评价模型对四类受体人群进行健康风险评价。结果表明，研究区高氟地下水（ρ（F^-）>1.5 mg/L）主要分布在地势低洼、高氟岩浆岩下游的山前地带、封闭式小盆地、沿河两侧的径流滞缓区等地区，其主要机制主要包括矿物风化溶解作用、碱性环境下的晶格置换作用和阳离子交换作用；盐效应会影响研究区地下水中F^-富集，但不是高氟地下水的主要成因；农业活动与地下水中F^-的富集无关。此外，坝下地区分布的电厂、钢铁厂等是永定河水系的潜在污染源，对高氟地下水形成的影响不容忽视。研究区婴儿、儿童、成年男性和成年女性的平均健康风险指数依次为1.20，0.74，0.69，0.56，呈现出受体年龄越小，风险越高；女性对含氟地下水的抗风险能力优于男性的特征。建议针对高风险区发展多水源联合供水模式，提升退氟改水工程效率，保障区域供水安全。
- 高氟地下水 /
- 水岩相互作用 /
- 离子交换作用 /
- 健康风险 /
- 坝下地区
Abstract: Totally, 391 unconfined groundwater samples(depth ≤ 100 m) were collected in order to investigate the high-fluoride groundwater formation causes, and explore the potential impacts on drinking water safety to local residents in Baxia region, Zhangjiakou.Hydrochemical analysis, graphical method, ions ratio method and saturation index calculation method were applied in this study to analyze the spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of high-F^- groundwater.Meanwhile, the non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment model recommended by US EPA was also used to evaluate health risk of four groups of receptors.The results indicate that high-F^- groundwater(F^->1.5 mg/L) mainly distribute in the low-lying and piedmont zone of the downstream of high-F^- magmatic rock, enclosed basin, runoff stagnant area along the river and other areas.The dissolution and precipitation of the minerals, crystal lattice replacement under alkaline environment, ion exchange are the major mechanisms for high-F^- groundwater formation in the study area.Salt effect can affect F^- enrichment in groundwater, but it is not the principal mechanism.There is no correlation between agricultural activities and F^- enrichment in groundwater.Additionally, the power plants, steelworks and other factories distributed in Baxia region are the potential pollution sources of the Yongding River system.The impacts of these industrial contamination sources on high-F^- groundwater formation cannot be ignored.The hazard index values of infants, children, adult males and adult females were 1.20, 0.74, 0.69 and 0.56, respectively, demonstrating the younger people are more susceptible to fluoride contamination.Moreover, the adult females are more resistant to fluoride contamination than the adult males in the study area.Thus, it is suggested to develop the multi-source combined water supply mode for high risk areas and improve the efficiency of defluorination, in order to ensure water supply safety.
- high-fluoride groundwater /
- water-rock interaction /
- ion exchange /
- health risk /
- Baxia region

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图 1 研究区水文地质简图(a)与特征水文地质剖面图(b)

Figure 1. Hydrogeological schematic map of study area (a) and hydrogeological profile of the study area (b)

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图 2 研究区地下水Piper三线图

Figure 2. Piper diagram of groundwater in the study area

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图 3 研究区地下水样的Gibbs图

Figure 3. Gibbs diagram of groundwater samples in the study area

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图 4 水-岩相互作用中不同矿物对地下水化学形成贡献分析图

Figure 4. Plot of contribution of different minerals to groundwater chemical formation during water-rock interaction processes

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图 5 研究区ρ(F^-)的空间分布图

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of fluoride concentration of groundwater in the study area

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图 6 研究区地下水中萤石(fl)与方解石(cal)(a)、白云石(dol)与方解石(cal)(b)的饱和指数关系，ρ(Ca²⁺)与ρ(Mg²⁺)关系(c)，萤石饱和指数与ρ(F^-)(d)关系图

Figure 6. Plots of relationships between SI_fl and SI_cal(a), SI_dol and SI_cal(b), Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration(c), SI_fl and F^- concentration(d), respectively, in groundwater in the study area

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图 7 地下水中F^-和ρ(Ca²⁺)对比图

Figure 7. Comparison diagram of F^- vs.Ca²⁺ concentration in groundwater

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图 8 γ(Cl^-)-γ(Na⁺)-γ(K⁺)与γ(HCO₃^-)+γ(SO₄^2-)-γ(Ca²⁺)-γ(Mg²⁺)的线性相关性分析(a)与氯碱指数分析图(b)

Figure 8. Diagrams of linear correlation analysis between γ(Cl^-)-γ(Na⁺)-γ(K⁺) and γ(HCO₃^-)+γ(SO₄^2-)-γ(Ca²⁺)-γ(Mg²⁺) (a) and relationship between chlor-alkali indices and F^- concentration (b)

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图 9 研究区地下水ρ(F^-)与ρ(Na⁺)，ρ(Cl^-)，ρ(SO₄^2-)，ρ(NO₃^-)关系对比图

Figure 9. Plot of relationship between F^- and Na⁺, Cl^-, SO₄^2- and NO₃^- concentration in groundwater in the study area

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图 10 研究区潜水含水层氟对不同受体人群的健康风险评价

Figure 10. Spatial distribution of health risk assessment of fluoride in the unconfined aquifer for different receptors in the study area

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表 1 坝下地区各地下水系统的补、径、排条件差异分析

Table 1. Analysis of differences of recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of different groundwater systems in Baxia region

地下水系统	补给条件	径流条件	排泄条件
永定河	①大气降水入渗补给 ②山区侧向径流补给、地表渗漏补给、灌溉回归水补给等	地下水径流方向基本和地形一致，由西北向东南径流	①分散小泉或沿沟谷潜流渗透(基岩山区裂隙水) ②大泉集中排泄或侧向径流排泄(基岩山区岩溶水) ③溢出带泉流排泄和人工开采为主(盆地区冲洪积扇) ④潜水蒸发和潜流向下游排泄(河道带) ⑤人工开采
潮白河	①大气降水入渗补给 ②地表水的入渗补给(河道中、下游地段)	①运移方向与地形坡向基本一致 ②受构造控制，在断裂带附近和断层谷中形成通道式径流	①泉排泄 ②泄流排泄 ③人工开采(沟谷地带)
大清河	①大气降水入渗补给 ②井灌回归补给	地下水径流方向与地表水一致，沿地势自北向南沿沟谷及河道径流	①人工开采 ②侧向径流排泄 ③泉水溢出排泄

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表 2 健康风险评价参数取值

Table 2. Parameter values for health risk assessment

参数	婴儿	儿童	成年男性	成年女性
非致癌物经饮水途径的日摄入剂量/(mg·k^-1·d^-1)^[22]	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06
平均日摄水量/(L·d^-1)^[23]	0.65	1.5	3.62	2.66
平均体重/kg^[24]	6.94	25.9	69.6	59
平均寿命/d	182.5	2 190	10 680	10 680
暴露频率/(d·a^-1)	365	365	365	365
暴露持续时间/a^[23]	0.5	6	30	30

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表 3 研究区地下水水化学参数统计

Table 3. Statistics of groundwater hydrochemical parameters in the study area

水化学参数	pH值	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	HCO₃^-
水化学参数	pH值	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)
最大值~最小值	9.31~7.06	36.1~0.01	588.8~2.30	197.19~3.16	145.34~0.05	949.43~52.44
平均值	7.85	2.36	62.05	53.70	27.71	291.63

水化学参数	Cl^-	SO₄^2-	NO₃^-	F^-	TDS
水化学参数	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)				ρ_B/(g·L^-1)
最大值~最小值	1 323.11~2.84	428.27~1.42	835.4~3.20	8.28~0.02	4.07~0.09
平均值	43.11	38.21	64.27	0.77	0.72

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表 4 研究区地下水中典型矿物的饱和指数统计

Table 4. Statistics of saturation indices of the typical minerals in groundwater in the study area

典型矿物饱和指数	SI_fl	SI_cal	SI_dol	SI_gyp	SI_hal
最大值~最小值	-0.09~-4.06	1.42~-0.73	3.44~-1.24	-1.11~-3.65	-5.31~-9.69
平均值	-2.16	0.49	1.37	-2.27	-7.68
注：SI_fl.萤石饱和指数；SI_cal.方解石饱和指数；SI_dol.白云石饱和指数；SI_hal.石盐饱和指数；SI_gyp.石膏饱和指数

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表 5 研究区含氟地下水健康风险评价结果

Table 5. Results of health risk assessment for F-bearing groundwater in the study area

受体人群	健康风险指数HI			HI > 1样品数	超标率/%
受体人群	最小值	最大值	平均值	HI > 1样品数	超标率/%
婴儿	0.00	12.93	1.20	174	44.5
儿童	0.00	7.99	0.74	77	19.7
成年男性	0.00	11.20	0.69	75	19.2
成年女性	0.00	6.01	0.56	38	9.7

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