Numerical simulation of CO2 sequestration in sandstone aquifers with feedback effect of salt precipitation: A case study of Ordos Basin
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摘要: 盐沉淀是含水层CO2封存中需要关注的问题。当前，大多数数值模拟没有考虑盐沉淀引起的地层孔隙度和渗透率变化对流体流动的反馈作用。以鄂尔多斯盆地刘家沟组地层为例，利用TOUGH2软件建立了一个二维模型。通过修改程序源代码，使得模型能考虑盐沉淀对流体流动的反馈作用。模拟结果表明，刘家沟组地层在CO2注入20 a时，盐沉淀的反馈作用使得注入井附近地层压力提升达到了0.87MPa，储层注入性损失7.17%。地层水盐度对盐沉淀及其反馈作用的影响最大，CO2注入速度的影响次之，地层渗透率的影响最小。在地层水盐度较高时，固体盐饱和度显著增加，从而造成地层渗透率明显下降。当地层水盐度为0.24时，盐沉淀造成注入性损失45.32%，引起的地层压力提升达到了12.14MPa。因此，需要特别关注高盐度地层水引起的盐沉淀及其反馈作用。Abstract: Salt precipitation is an important issue for CO2 sequestration in deep aquifers.At present, most numerical simulations ignore the feedback effect of the changes in the porosity and permeability caused by the salt precipitation on fluid flow.In this paper, taking Liujiagou Formation in Ordos Basin as an example, a two-dimensional model is established using TOUGH2 code.By modifying the source code of the program, the model can consider the feedback effect of salt precipitation on fluid flow.The simulation results show that after the CO2 injection into the Liujiagou Formation for 20 years, salt precipitation makes the formation pressure near the injection well increase by 0.87MPa and the corresponding injectivity loss of the formation is 7.17%.The salinity has the greatest influence on salt precipitation and its feedback, followed by CO2 injection rate, and permeability has the least influence.When the salinity is high, solid salt saturation increases significantly, resulting in a great decrease in the permeability.In this study, when the salinity was 0.24, the salt precipitation caused an injectivity loss by 45.32% and the pressure buildup up to 12.14 MPa.Therefore, special attention should be paid to the salt precipitation caused by high salinity and its feedback effect during CO2 storage.
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Key words:
- CO2 geological storage /
- salt precipitation /
- permeability decrease /
- formation pressure /
- injectivity /
- TOUGH2
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图 2 算例A 20 a时气体饱和度(Sg)分布
Figure 2. Distribution of the gas saturation Sg at 20 years for the case A
图 3 算例A 20 a时固体饱和度(Ss)分布
Figure 3. Distribution of the solid saturation Ss at 20 years for the case A
图 4 算例A 20 a时渗透率变化分布图
Figure 4. Distribution of the permeability variation at 20 years for the case A
图 5 20 a时算例A地层压力(P)分布
Figure 5. Distribution of the formation pressure(P) at 20 years for the case A
图 6 20 a时算例A中反馈与未反馈情况下地层压力差(ΔP)分布
Figure 6. Distribution of the formation pressure difference (ΔP) with and without feedback at 20 years for the case A
图 7 算例A注入性相对变化(RIC)随时间的变化
Figure 7. Variation of relative injectivity change (RIC) for the case A
图 8 20 a时算例B1、B4中反馈与未反馈情况下地层压力差(ΔP)分布
Figure 8. Distribution of the formation pressure difference (ΔP) with and without feedback at 20 years for the cases B1 and B4
图 9 算例A、B1、B2、B3和B4注入性相对变化(RIC)随时间的变化
Figure 9. Variation of relative injectivity change(RIC) for the cases A, B1, B2, B3 and B4
图 10 20 a时算例C1、C3中反馈与未反馈情况下地层压力差(ΔP)分布
Figure 10. Distribution of the formation pressure difference (ΔP) with and without feedback at 20 years for the cases C1 and C3
图 11 算例A、C1、C2和C3注入性相对变化(RIC)随时间的变化
Figure 11. Variation of relative injectivity change(RIC) for the cases A, C1, C2 and C3
图 12 20 a时算例D1、D4中反馈与未反馈情况下地层压力差分布
Figure 12. Distribution of the formation pressure difference with and without feedback at 20 years for the cases D1 and D4
图 13 算例A、D1、D2、D3和D4注入性相对变化(RIC)随时间的变化
Figure 13. Variation of relative injectivity change(RIC) for the cases A, D1, D2, D3 and D4
表 1 相对渗透率模型和毛细压力模型的参数设置
Table 1. Values of the parameter of the relative permeability model and capillary pressure model
相对渗透率函数(VanGenuchten-Mualem和Corey模型) 毛细管压力函数(VanGenuchten模型) 液态 $K_{\mathrm{r} 1}=\sqrt{S^{*}}\left\{1-\left(1-\left[S^{*}\right]^{1 / \lambda}\right)^{\lambda}\right\}^{2}$
$S^{*}=\left(S_{1}-S_{1 {\rm{r}}}\right) /\left(S_{1 {\rm{s}}}-S_{1 {\rm{r}}}\right) \quad $
形状参数λ=0.457
残余液体饱和度Slr=0.30$P_{\text {cap }}=-P_{0}\left(\left[S^{*}\right]^{-1 / \lambda}-1\right)^{1-\lambda}$
$S^{*}=\left(S_{1}-S_{1 {\rm{r}}}\right) /\left(S_{1 {\rm{s}}}-S_{1 {\rm{r}}}\right)$
形状参数λ=0.457
残余液体饱和度Slr=0气态 $\begin{aligned}K_{\mathrm{rg}}=(1-\hat S)^{2}\left(1-\hat S^{2}\right)\end{aligned}$
$\hat S=\left(S_{1}-S_{\mathrm{lr}}\right) /\left(1-S_{\mathrm{lr}}-S_{\mathrm{gr}}\right)$
残余气体饱和度Sgr=0.05进气压力P0=19.61 kPa
毛细压力的最大值Pmax=1×107
Pa注：Krl.液态相对渗透系数；Krg.气态相对渗透系数；S1.残余饱和度；Sls.残余固体饱和度；Slr.残余液体饱和度；Pcap.毛细管压力 
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表 2 不同算例的参数设置
Table 2. Values of the parameter in the different cases
算例 地层参数设置 地层水盐度 CO2注入速率/(kg·s-1) 备注 孔隙度 渗透率/10-3μm2 A 0.1 2.81 0.06 3.170 基础算例 B1 0.1 2.81 0.015 3.170 盐度减少4倍 评估盐度的影响 B2 0.1 2.81 0.03 3.170 盐度减少2倍 B3 0.1 2.81 0.12 3.170 盐度增加2倍 B4 0.1 2.81 0.24 3.170 盐度增加4倍 C1 0.1 5.62 0.06 3.170 渗透率增加2倍 评估渗透率的影响 C2 0.1 8.43 0.06 3.170 渗透率增加3倍 C3 0.1 11.24 0.06 3.170 渗透率增加4倍 D1 0.1 2.81 0.06 1.585 CO2注入速率减少1/2 评估CO2注入速率的影响 D2 0.1 2.81 0.06 2.378 CO2注入速率减少1/4 D3 0.1 2.81 0.06 3.963 CO2注入速率增加1/4 D4 0.1 2.81 0.06 4.755 CO2注入速率增加1/2
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