Mineralization characteristics and geological significance of Rb-rich granitic pegmatite veins in Shangnan-Danfeng area, eastern Qinling belt
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摘要:
花岗伟晶岩作为稀有金属矿产的重要来源，其矿化特征有待深入探讨。采用野外地质调查，室内镜下鉴定以及主量、微量和稀土元素含量分析相结合的方法，系统研究了东秦岭商丹地区资峪沟富铷花岗伟晶岩脉的岩石学和地球化学特征。结果显示：资峪沟花岗伟晶岩脉主要集中产出于丹凤岩群中，经综合评价后圈定出14条出露的富铷脉体，依据石榴石含量和岩石蚀变类型可将其划分为微斜长石花岗伟晶岩、富石榴石微斜长石花岗伟晶岩、云英岩化微斜长石花岗伟晶岩、云英岩化富石榴石微斜长石花岗伟晶岩与硅化微斜长石花岗伟晶岩5种类型；资峪沟花岗伟晶岩脉总体显示为过铝质，富集Rb、高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE)，亏损Ba, Sr和Ti，其中少含或不含石榴石且未发生蚀变的花岗伟晶岩脉通常具有较高的Rb含量，因此，可以将原生微斜长石、石榴石及次生白云母、石英作为标型矿物来综合判断花岗伟晶岩脉的铷矿化程度；资峪沟花岗伟晶岩脉的形成时代明显晚于宽坪花岗岩体，二者的地球化学特征存在显著差异，经综合分析得出花岗伟晶岩脉并非由宽坪花岗岩体的岩浆演化而来，其母岩可能位于宽坪花岗岩体下方的更深部位。
Abstract:Granitic pegmatite is an important source of rare metal minerals, but its mineralization characteristics need to be further studied. This study conducted a combined field geological, indoor microscopic and major-trace elemental investigation on the petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Ziyugou Rb-rich granitic pegmatite veins in the Shangnan-Danfeng area of the eastern Qinling belt. The Ziyugou granitic pegmatites intruded the Danfeng Group. After comprehensive evaluation, 14 Rb-rich granitic pegmatite veins have been identified. On the basis of garnet contents and alteration types, the granitic pegmatites can be divided into five types: microcline granitic pegmatite, garnet-rich microcline granitic pegmatite, greisenized microcline granitic pegmatite, greisenized garnet-rich microcline granitic pegmatite and silicified microcline granitic pegmatite. The Ziyugou granitic pegmatite veins are generally peraluminous, rich in Rb, HFSE and HREE but depleted in Ba, Sr and Ti. Granitic pegmatite veins with little or without alteration usually contain highest Rb contents. Therefore, primary microcline, garnet, secondary muscovite and quartz can be served as key minerals to effectively indicate the Rb fertility of granitic pegmatite veins. The Ziyugou granitic pegmatite veins obviously postdate the Kuanping granite, and both of them exhibit significantly different geochemical characteristics. These features strongly indicate that the Ziyugou granitic pegmatite veins cannot be derived from the magmas forming the Kuanping granite, and their parent rocks were speculated to be located in depth.
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图 1 商南-丹凤地区地质简图(据文献[15]修改)
K-E.白垩系-古近系红色砂砾岩；Pt3-Pz1.丹凤岩群蛇绿岩；Pt1QN.秦岭岩群混合岩、片麻岩、大理岩；γ3.加里东期花岗岩；γ2.晋宁期花岗岩；γδ2.晋宁期花岗闪长岩；ε2.晋宁期橄榄岩。花岗伟晶岩密集区：A.商南; B.峦庄; C.官坡; D.龙泉坪。图中紫色方框为研究区的大致范围
Figure 1. Geological map of the Shangnan-Danfeng area
图 2 研究区矿产地质简图
Pz1DN2-1.丹凤岩群上段第一岩性段; Pz1DN2-2.丹凤岩群上段第二岩性段; K2s.山阳组; Q4.第四系; (P-D)γ.宽坪花岗岩体
Figure 2. Mineral geological map of the study area
图 3 资峪沟花岗伟晶岩典型岩心和野外露头照片
a.微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；b.白云母微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；c.强烈云英岩化蚀变。Mcl.微斜长石；Ms.白云母；Qtz.石英
Figure 3. Photograph of typical cores and outcrops in Ziyugou granitic pegmatites
图 4 资峪沟花岗伟晶岩典型矿物偏光显微照片
a.部分微斜长石被钠长石取代; b.粗粒石榴石集合体; c.石榴石与原生长石共生; d.白云母沿长石边缘生长; e.石榴石被石英包裏; f.次生石英细脉切割微斜长石; g.伴生副矿物锆石、钍石和磷钇矿; h.石榴石及其伴生副矿物铌铁矿。Ab.钠长石; Clb.铌铁矿; Grt.石榴石; Thr.钍石; Xnt.磷钇矿; Zrn.锆石
Figure 4. Micro-photograph of typical minerals in Ziyugou granitic pegmatites
图 5 资峪沟岩石样品SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)判别图解(据文献[46])
1.橄榄辉长岩；2a.碱性辉长岩；2b.亚碱性辉长岩；3.辉长闪长岩；4.闪长岩；5.花岗闪长岩；6.花岗岩；7.硅英岩；8.二长辉长岩；9.二长闪长岩；10.二长岩；11.石英二长岩；12.正长岩；13.似长石辉长岩；14.似长石二长辉长岩；15.似长石二长正长岩；16.似长石正长岩；17.似长石岩；18.方钠霓辉岩/磷霞岩/粗白榴岩；Ir.Irvine分界线，上方为碱性，下方为亚碱性
Figure 5. SiO2 versus (Na2O+K2O) diagram of the Ziyugou rock samples
图 8 资峪沟花岗伟晶岩w(Rb)-w(SiO2)二元图解(岩石代号同图 5)
Figure 8. Rb versus SiO2 diagram of the Ziyugou granitic pegmatites
表 1 资峪沟岩石样品主量元素和微量元素分析结果
Table 1. Major element and trace element compositions of the Ziyugou rock samples
中国花岗岩类
平均成分[45]MP GrP DZ002 DZ004 DZ022 DZ067 DZ068 DZ079 DZ106 DZ107 DZ108 DZ001 DZ005 DZ006 DZ018 SiO2 72.20 74.73 74.54 75.42 77.50 75.36 74.47 76.30 75.55 75.29 78.03 75.58 75.30 75.62 TiO2 0.28 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 Al2O3 14.20 15.26 15.27 14.55 13.40 13.89 13.94 12.86 13.47 14.31 12.33 13.33 13.75 13.90 TFe2O3 2.14 0.26 0.62 0.19 0.47 0.37 1.41 0.10 0.19 0.52 1.53 1.29 0.61 0.58 MnO 0.05 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.91 0.76 0.20 0.37 MgO 0.52 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 CaO wB/% 1.35 0.21 0.56 0.64 0.16 0.23 0.29 0.03 0.06 0.83 0.78 0.52 0.39 0.56 Na2O 3.54 3.16 5.04 5.07 3.59 2.14 3.10 1.81 1.59 4.38 5.27 4.68 3.84 5.48 K2O 4.32 5.99 2.88 3.92 4.47 7.53 6.45 8.21 8.73 3.17 0.84 3.25 4.92 2.51 P2O5 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 烧失量 - 0.55 1.18 0.35 0.41 0.39 0.21 0.29 0.45 0.80 0.61 0.41 0.54 0.49 总计 - 100.21 100.27 100.18 100.11 100.03 100.07 99.63 100.09 99.66 100.36 99.88 99.60 99.55 w(Na2O+K2O) 7.86 9.15 7.92 8.99 8.06 9.67 9.55 10.02 10.32 7.55 6.11 7.93 8.76 7.99 K2O/Na2O 1.22 1.90 0.57 0.77 1.25 3.52 2.08 4.54 5.49 0.72 0.16 0.69 1.28 0.46 δ 2.12 2.64 1.99 2.49 1.88 2.89 2.90 3.02 3.27 1.77 1.07 1.93 2.38 1.96 A/NK 1.35 1.30 1.34 1.16 1.25 1.19 1.15 1.08 1.11 1.34 1.29 1.19 1.18 1.18 A/CNK 1.09 1.26 1.23 1.06 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.08 1.10 1.18 1.12 1.10 1.11 1.09 La 33.00 1.86 5.23 1.39 3.84 6.73 5.03 0.54 0.69 3.49 6.02 11.61 3.70 4.69 Ce 62.00 6.44 13.86 2.60 14.83 17.09 7.81 1.32 1.49 6.20 13.78 29.73 9.93 12.25 Pr wB/10-6 7.00 0.39 1.22 0.28 1.06 1.60 1.07 0.10 0.11 0.74 1.66 3.07 0.94 1.18 Nd 25.40 1.55 4.81 1.13 3.85 5.72 3.51 0.37 0.40 3.12 7.94 11.87 4.18 4.77 Sm 4.60 0.47 1.63 0.33 1.00 1.61 0.88 0.11 0.15 1.23 4.93 3.72 2.01 2.02 Eu 0.82 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 Gd 4.50 0.55 2.00 0.41 1.07 1.51 0.88 0.15 0.18 2.26 8.41 4.28 3.13 2.87 Tb 0.64 0.12 0.48 0.09 0.17 0.26 0.22 0.03 0.04 0.64 2.39 1.08 0.76 0.65 Dy 4.00 0.79 3.79 0.58 1.01 1.34 1.65 0.23 0.32 5.83 21.29 9.57 5.77 5.39 Ho 0.79 0.17 0.84 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.35 0.06 0.08 1.57 5.85 2.37 1.30 1.39 Er wB/10-6 2.24 0.56 3.10 0.43 0.47 0.58 1.28 0.19 0.27 6.30 26.04 9.44 4.62 5.63 Tm 0.38 0.10 0.63 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.26 0.03 0.05 1.29 6.11 2.05 0.90 1.26 Yb 2.10 0.75 5.35 0.54 0.63 0.70 2.38 0.25 0.38 11.44 58.43 18.01 7.34 11.85 Lu 0.33 0.11 0.87 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.38 0.04 0.07 2.08 11.42 2.95 1.22 2.10 Y 20.00 6.04 29.31 4.26 11.14 13.85 14.96 1.86 2.52 54.97 183.15 89.57 42.56 52.43 ΣREE 147.80 13.87 43.84 8.10 28.28 37.64 25.77 3.43 4.25 46.28 174.33 109.77 45.82 56.09 LREE 132.82 10.72 26.78 5.76 24.59 32.85 18.37 2.45 2.86 14.87 34.39 60.02 20.78 24.95 HREE 14.98 3.15 17.06 2.34 3.69 4.79 7.40 0.98 1.39 31.41 139.94 49.75 25.04 31.14 LREE/HREE 8.87 3.40 1.57 2.46 6.66 6.86 2.48 2.50 2.06 0.47 0.25 1.21 0.83 0.80 (La/Yb)N 11.27 1.78 0.70 1.85 4.37 6.90 1.52 1.55 1.30 0.22 0.07 0.46 0.36 0.28 δEu 0.54 0.06 0.05 0.25 0.03 0.19 0.24 0.24 0.37 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 δCe 0.95 1.76 1.30 0.96 1.77 1.23 0.79 1.29 1.20 0.90 1.05 1.19 1.27 1.24 Li 20.00 16.17 5.56 2.31 8.30 18.23 4.09 5.09 1.08 9.39 14.21 18.22 16.82 16.06 Be 2.60 2.07 4.14 3.63 3.82 3.20 4.49 0.77 0.54 2.89 3.55 2.26 1.82 4.36 Rb 158.00 652.28 292.29 249.89 1167.10 768.00 677.88 666.76 483.91 186.21 75.83 239.88 462.81 242.42 Sr 174.00 3.28 4.93 10.98 3.11 96.62 16.98 6.49 9.67 17.34 7.21 2.11 3.95 2.65 Ba 557.00 7.97 12.23 8.91 8.96 159.93 28.51 21.95 20.83 30.16 9.95 2.38 2.26 3.40 Cs 3.80 11.65 9.14 3.98 24.33 14.09 11.52 15.35 3.92 7.70 4.46 4.09 10.34 4.74 Nb wB/10-6 13.40 29.28 70.31 11.23 54.39 43.54 115.48 4.07 20.93 40.05 184.71 70.18 89.60 54.80 Ta 1.27 3.06 10.65 1.56 18.71 22.50 22.94 1.48 2.51 6.43 11.76 15.50 6.96 5.70 Zr 147.00 21.80 104.11 6.40 17.67 16.18 57.81 2.04 4.50 58.94 362.31 69.32 65.37 79.04 Hf 5.00 1.35 6.53 0.41 1.88 1.46 4.73 0.10 0.21 3.40 18.85 4.69 3.71 5.33 Th 16.60 2.25 8.95 5.17 3.88 4.57 4.88 0.68 1.81 18.46 30.77 13.55 10.90 8.81 U 2.80 3.48 12.79 1.43 6.26 2.55 12.06 0.99 1.08 4.90 35.17 15.16 22.07 8.75 Rb/Sr 0.91 198.57 59.33 22.76 375.86 7.95 39.92 102.70 50.06 10.74 10.52 113.61 117.29 91.44 Nb/Ta 10.55 9.56 6.60 7.19 2.91 1.94 5.03 2.75 8.35 6.23 15.70 4.53 12.87 9.62 Zr/Hf 29.40 16.21 15.95 15.70 9.42 11.08 12.21 20.34 21.37 17.35 19.22 14.79 17.60 14.82 GMP GGrP SMP GM MG DZ008-2 DZ160 ZY011 DZ148 DZ037 DZ038 DZ069 ZY001 ZY002 ZY003 ZY004 ZY009 DZ034 DZ060 SiO2 78.97 76.87 75.66 78.22 76.57 77.09 75.52 75.23 75.85 76.48 78.25 50.59 74.81 77.43 TiO2 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.73 0.22 0.07 Al2O3 12.42 13.66 13.25 13.55 12.71 13.56 14.29 14.53 14.61 14.04 12.85 12.30 13.91 13.43 TFe2O3 0.55 0.33 1.12 0.28 0.27 0.59 0.30 0.52 0.53 0.46 0.40 9.36 1.56 0.50 MnO 0.17 0.03 0.20 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.23 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.02 MgO 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.19 7.54 0.46 0.01 CaO wB/% 0.89 0.59 0.85 0.68 0.22 1.13 0.14 0.75 0.74 0.53 1.11 17.34 1.13 1.10 Na2O 5.59 4.48 5.36 6.34 2.14 4.84 2.77 5.57 5.63 4.61 5.16 0.38 2.91 5.46 K2O 0.78 3.59 1.90 0.61 7.14 1.75 6.59 1.92 1.91 3.12 0.89 2.25 3.80 0.64 P2O5 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.59 0.07 0.01 烧失量 0.70 0.52 0.42 0.35 0.52 0.74 0.38 0.69 0.71 0.59 1.28 7.54 1.51 0.56 总计 100.20 100.15 98.96 100.17 99.64 99.82 100.05 99.40 100.18 100.13 100.19 98.78 100.41 99.23 Na2O+K2O 6.37 8.07 7.26 6.95 9.28 6.59 9.36 7.49 7.54 7.73 6.05 2.63 6.71 6.10 K2O/Na2O 0.14 0.80 0.35 0.10 3.34 0.36 2.38 0.34 0.34 0.68 0.17 5.92 1.31 0.12 δ 1.13 1.92 1.61 1.37 2.57 1.27 2.69 1.74 1.73 1.78 1.04 0.91 1.42 1.08 A/NK 1.24 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.13 1.38 1.22 1.29 1.29 1.28 1.36 4.01 1.56 1.39 A/CNK 1.06 1.11 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.14 1.19 1.15 1.15 1.18 1.12 0.35 1.27 1.15 La 7.08 6.79 29.78 11.37 21.08 28.21 1.61 5.02 15.01 5.15 1.71 101.95 23.37 0.51 Ce 17.44 13.14 60.88 32.42 62.29 64.86 3.67 10.68 30.35 11.98 2.74 212.58 39.66 2.71 Pr wB/10-6 1.72 1.51 7.02 2.97 3.83 5.43 0.31 1.13 3.91 1.20 0.30 23.96 3.80 0.15 Nd 6.79 5.39 27.46 11.25 12.68 18.44 1.06 4.27 15.68 4.62 1.10 92.64 12.39 0.66 Sm 2.66 2.05 9.76 3.64 2.39 3.94 0.32 1.25 5.90 1.41 0.46 16.81 2.12 0.49 Eu 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.11 0.26 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.04 0.04 3.85 0.47 0.04 Gd 3.90 2.64 14.81 3.48 2.39 4.37 0.34 1.36 8.10 1.63 0.76 13.66 1.90 1.01 Tb 0.98 0.66 3.58 0.68 0.39 0.78 0.08 0.27 1.72 0.36 0.21 1.49 0.26 0.30 Dy 7.79 4.74 28.07 4.26 2.54 5.71 0.53 2.03 12.65 2.98 1.71 6.58 1.35 2.40 Ho 1.79 0.96 6.53 0.75 0.58 1.36 0.10 0.46 2.96 0.77 0.40 1.06 0.27 0.54 Er 6.76 3.28 22.40 2.57 2.03 4.71 0.30 1.72 11.44 3.20 1.58 2.66 0.78 1.78 Tm wB/10-6 1.40 0.66 3.86 0.51 0.36 0.79 0.06 0.37 2.37 0.72 0.32 0.33 0.12 0.28 Yb 12.23 5.38 27.97 4.29 2.74 5.84 0.51 3.32 21.05 6.81 2.87 2.02 0.95 1.82 Lu 2.11 0.85 4.26 0.70 0.48 0.93 0.08 0.60 3.59 1.22 0.47 0.28 0.16 0.23 Y 68.65 32.39 204.05 25.42 19.84 46.18 3.57 18.32 121.79 27.61 13.55 28.78 7.54 13.82 ΣREE 72.68 48.10 246.48 78.92 113.89 145.63 8.99 32.51 134.87 42.09 14.67 479.87 87.60 12.92 LREE 35.72 28.93 135.00 61.68 102.38 121.14 6.99 22.38 70.99 24.40 6.35 451.79 81.81 4.56 HREE 36.96 19.17 111.48 17.24 11.51 24.49 2.00 10.13 63.88 17.69 8.32 28.08 5.79 8.36 LREE/HREE 0.97 1.51 1.21 3.58 8.89 4.95 3.50 2.21 1.11 1.38 0.76 16.09 14.13 0.55 (La/Yb)N 0.42 0.91 0.76 1.90 5.52 3.46 2.26 1.08 0.51 0.54 0.43 36.20 17.65 0.20 δEu 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.21 0.75 0.70 0.17 δCe 1.19 0.96 1.00 1.34 1.57 1.20 1.19 1.06 0.95 1.14 0.86 1.02 0.94 2.37 Li 19.63 19.26 14.58 24.74 2.20 7.58 5.14 6.36 14.37 6.57 0.95 170.86 45.63 1.43 Be 5.23 2.42 4.26 5.01 0.92 3.29 2.12 6.52 6.11 5.88 5.07 5.28 2.70 3.97 Rb 70.20 265.80 133.78 65.05 392.89 81.00 897.15 157.80 369.08 317.44 31.56 184.12 182.62 51.56 Sr 5.49 6.14 13.60 4.00 18.38 30.41 7.67 10.78 32.03 5.71 6.81 344.97 148.39 9.77 Ba 3.45 10.57 10.45 3.26 50.10 33.86 17.11 5.82 29.78 6.70 3.61 710.92 866.65 6.78 Cs 4.70 3.39 5.89 3.77 6.72 2.62 12.02 3.03 7.85 14.86 1.16 27.41 25.60 1.09 Nb 54.92 103.28 241.24 51.53 8.90 9.01 36.21 15.73 94.97 25.84 6.50 14.77 12.59 36.79 Ta wB/10-6 4.99 8.54 12.59 7.12 3.09 1.25 9.08 3.35 25.26 5.95 1.43 0.98 1.49 2.39 Zr 31.74 27.10 29.13 35.29 16.08 55.01 10.54 13.47 129.41 37.64 6.44 256.32 136.14 3.31 Hf 1.73 1.39 1.48 2.12 0.76 3.06 0.88 0.85 7.72 2.42 0.32 6.18 4.05 0.18 Th 13.78 13.27 47.50 15.57 11.56 19.31 1.77 8.36 34.76 7.01 1.11 28.99 19.22 3.98 U 6.11 15.64 74.59 11.74 10.89 5.08 3.53 3.71 39.32 6.72 8.71 10.56 2.88 12.85 Rb/Sr 12.78 43.29 9.84 16.27 21.38 2.66 117.04 14.64 11.52 55.60 4.64 0.53 1.23 5.28 Nb/Ta 11.02 12.09 19.16 7.24 2.88 7.23 3.99 4.69 3.76 4.35 4.53 15.07 8.43 15.37 Zr/Hf 18.39 19.44 19.73 16.62 21.03 18.00 12.04 15.89 16.76 15.53 20.28 41.47 33.61 18.20 注: MP.微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；GrP.富石榴石微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；GMP.云英岩化微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；GGrP.云英岩化富石榴石微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；SMP.硅化微斜长石花岗伟晶岩；GM.丹凤岩群(辉长质糜棱岩)；MG.宽坪花岗岩体(糜棱岩化花岗岩)；下同 
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