Identification of the geochemical anomalies using the catchment basin analysis: A case study of 1∶50000 geochemical survey of stream sediments in Wulasitai region, East Kunlun Orogenic Belt
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摘要:
水系沉积物地球化学测量是卓有成效的找矿技术方法, 基于汇水盆地的水系沉积物地球化学异常提取有助于追溯异常源头、指明找矿方向。基于SCB法提出了汇水盆地法, 该方法以自然汇水盆地为预测单元, 将各样品点的地球化学属性特征赋予各自所在区域, 预测结果较为符合地形地貌特征, 且对于采样密度较高的1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学测量数据有较好的应用效果。以东昆仑乌拉斯太地区为研究区, 使用高精度DEM划分汇水盆地, 利用该方法对1∶5万水系沉积物Au、Ag、Pb因子得分进行了异常信息提取, 在提取过程中利用多种地貌参数(干流坡度、地形起伏比、汇水盆地面积)作为泥沙输移比进行残差校正计算, 并在此基础上, 利用C-A分形法分离了地球化学背景与异常。异常提取结果表明, 汇水盆地面积参数最适合用作乌拉斯太地区的泥沙输移比参与顺流衰减校正, 使用汇水盆地法可以有效识别和提取该地区地球化学异常信息。使用汇水盆地法提取的化探异常范围与矿床空间位置吻合度高, 可以为进一步找矿工作提供有利的信息。
Abstract:Geochemical survey of stream sediments is an effective technology for mineral prospecting. The extraction of geochemical anomalies in stream sediments based on catchment basins has always been one of the research hotspots.The catchment basin analysis method is proposed based on Sample Catchment Basin Analysis (SCBA)in this paper, and it is used to identify geochemical anomalies in the Wulasitai region, East Kunlun Orogenic Belt in Qinghai Province.Catchment basins are divided by a high-precision DEM, and the Au, Ag, and Pb factor loadings of 1∶50000 stream sediments are measured by the catchment basin analysis. During the extraction process, a variety of geomorphic parameters such as main stream slope, relief ratio, catchment basin area, are used as the sediment delivery ratios for residual correction calculation, and the geochemical background and anomalies are separated by the C-A fractal modeling. The anomaly extraction results show that the area of the catchment basin is the most suitable parameter as the sediment delivery ratio to participate in the downstream attenuation correction. The catchment basin method can effectively identify and extract geochemical anomaly information.Anomalies correspond well to the spatial location of ore deposits, and can provide beneficial information for the next step of mineral prospecting.
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图 1 东昆仑构造单元划分图(a)和地质简图(b)及乌拉斯太地区地质简图(c)
a据文献[34]；b据文献[35]；c修编自1∶25万阿拉克湖幅、冬给措纳湖幅地质矿产图；1.元古宙地层；2.古生代地层；3.中生代地层；4.新生代地层；5.早古生代侵入岩；6.晚古生代-中生代侵入岩；7.古元古界金水口群；8.长城系小庙组；9.中-新元古界万宝沟群；10.奥陶系祁漫塔格群；11.上三叠统八宝山组；12.中二叠世石英闪长岩；13.中二叠世闪长岩；14.中三叠世花岗闪长岩；15.中三叠世二长花岗岩；16.中三叠世似斑状二长花岗岩；17.晚三叠世花岗闪长岩；18.晚三叠世正长花岗岩；19.断层；20.推测断层; 21.地名
Figure 1. Geotectonic frame work (a), geological map of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (b) and simplified geological map of the Wulasitai region (c)
图 2 乌拉斯太地区集水面积阈值与河网密度的关系
Figure 2. Relationship between catchment area threshold and the river network density in the Wulasitai region
图 3 青海省乌拉斯太地区化探采样点位图(a)及汇水盆地划分2.5D地形示意图(b)
Figure 3. Location of geochemical exploration samples (a) and the 2.5D topography model of catchment basins (b) in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
图 4 青海省乌拉斯太地区汇水盆地平均坡度分布直方图(a)及HI指数分布直方图(b)
Figure 4. Histogram of the average slope (a) and HI (b) for catchment basins in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
图 5 青海乌拉斯太地区HI指数空间分布图
Figure 5. Distribution of the HI in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
图 6 SCB法与汇水盆地法预测单元划分对比图
1.水系；2.采样点位与编号；3.样品集水盆地边界；4.S1样品点所在集水盆地；5.S2样品点所在集水盆地；6.S3样品点所在集水盆地；7.S4样品点所在集水盆地；8.自然汇水盆地边界
Figure 6. Comparison of prediction units divided by the SCB method and the catchment basin method
图 7 青海乌拉斯太地区地质体地球化学背景含量分布图(a)与汇水盆地残差值分布图(b)
1.中-新元古界万宝沟群; 2.上三叠统八宝山组; 3.中二叠世石英闪长岩; 4.中二叠世闪长岩; 5.晚三叠世正长花岗岩; 6.中三叠世花岗闪长岩; 7.古元古界金水口群; 8.长城系小庙组; 9.中三叠世二长花岗岩; 10.中三叠世似斑状二长花岗岩; 11.晚三叠世花岗闪长岩; 12.断层
Figure 7. Distribution of the geochemical background of geological bodies (a) and the residual values of catchment basins (b) in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
图 8 CR(MSS)、CR(RR)及CR(Aa)的Au-Ag-Pb元素分形C-A模型
Figure 8. Concentration-Area plots of fractal analysis of Au, Ag, and Pb elements using CR(MSS), CR(RR) and CR(Aa)
图 9 青海乌拉斯太地区Au-Ag-Pb元素组合各方法异常提取对比图
a.累计频率法；b.基于干流坡度的汇水盆地法; c.基于流域起伏比的汇水盆地法; d.基于盆地面积的汇水盆地法。1.一级水系；2.二级水系；3.三级水系；4.四级水系；5.五级水系；6.金多金属矿床(点)；7.铜(金)多金属矿床(点)；8.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合低背景区；9.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合高背景区；10.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合低异常区；11.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合高异常区；12.金单元素异常区；13.银单元素异常区；14.铅单元素异常区
Figure 9. Comparison of geochemical anomalies of Au, Ag, and Pb elements based the accumulative frequency method (a), and catchment basin analysis including MSS(b), RR(c) and Aa(d) in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
图 10 巴隆地区和托克妥地区异常剖析图
a.巴隆地区地质图；b.巴隆地区累计频率法Au-Ag-Pb组合异常图；c.巴隆地区汇水盆地法异常图；d.托克妥地区地质图；e.托克妥地区累计频率法Au-Ag-Pb组合异常图；f.托克妥地区汇水盆地法异常图。1.元古宙地层；2.古生代地层；3.中生代地层；4.新生代地层；5.早古生代侵入岩；6.晚古生代-中生代侵入岩；7.古元古界金水口群；8.长城系小庙组；9.中-新元古界万宝沟群；10.奥陶系祁漫塔格群；11.晚三叠世八宝山组；12.中二叠世石英闪长岩；13.中二叠世闪长岩；14.晚二叠世英云闪长岩；15.中三叠世花岗闪长岩；16.中三叠世二长花岗岩；17.中三叠世似斑状二长花岗岩；18.晚三叠世花岗闪长岩；19.晚三叠世正长花岗岩；20.断层；21.推测断层；22.一级水系；23.二级水系；24.三级水系；25.四级水系；26.五级水系；27.金多金属矿床(点)；28.铜(金)多金属矿床(点)；29.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合低背景区；30.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合高背景区；31.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合低异常区；32.Au-Ag-Pb元素组合高异常区；33.金单元素异常区；34.银单元素异常区；35.铅单元素异常区。图a~c矿床(点): ①瑙木浑西金矿点；②巴隆金矿床；③瑙木浑沟口金矿床；④瑙木浑东金矿点；⑤诺木洪沟金矿点；⑥瑙木浑河中游金矿点；图d~f矿床(点)：①托克妥北金银矿床；②大洪山金铜矿点；③浩来图北山铜矿点；④浩来图北山金矿点；⑤浩来图金矿床；⑥托克妥金铜矿床；⑦科尔西金矿点；⑧巴力根特铜矿点；⑨尕熊沟金矿点
Figure 10. Geochemical anomalies of stream sediments in the Balong and Tuoketuo areas
表 1 乌拉斯太地区水系沉积物元素地球化学参数统计(样品数为5 831)
Table 1. Statistics of elemental geochemical parameters of stream sediments in the Wulasitai region
元素 平均值X 中位数 标准差 方差 偏度 峰度 最大值 东昆仑背景值S[40] X/S 变异系数Cv Au wB/10-9 1.71 1.14 5.79 33.50 22.66 686.07 238.30 1.21 1.41 3.38 Ag 75.23 62.51 99.70 9 939.81 27.51 1 056.97 4 586.51 67.02 1.12 1.33 Cu wB/10-6 22.51 19.24 15.76 248.31 9.60 231.71 498.18 0.75 30.02 0.70 Pb 22.86 19.43 25.04 627.00 17.42 451.23 911.56 0.75 30.48 1.10 Zn 67.61 59.90 39.79 1 583.59 11.85 292.75 1 329.20 0.66 102.44 0.59 Mo 1.05 0.85 2.85 8.13 35.60 1447.72 127.08 1.36 0.77 2.72 W 1.86 1.47 2.51 6.32 10.43 153.76 54.93 0.52 3.57 1.35 Sn 3.15 2.75 3.36 11.28 39.31 2193.41 202.64 2.61 1.21 1.07 
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表 2 相似系数矩阵
Table 2. Matrix of similarity coefficients
元素 Au Ag Cu Pb Zn Mo W Sn Au 1.000 Ag 0.364 1.000 Cu 0.043 0.147 1.000 Pb 0.207 0.142 0.189 1.000 Zn 0.024 0.138 0.310 0.176 1.000 Mo 0.035 0.042 0.171 0.081 0.148 1.000 W 0.043 0.083 0.183 0.076 0.109 0.112 1.000 Sn -0.002 0.078 0.397 0.188 0.129 0.139 0.072 1.000
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表 3 因子成分分析矩阵(旋转后)
Table 3. Matrix of factor components analysis (after rotation)
主因子 1 2 Au -0.143 0.589 Ag -0.035 0.520 Cu 0.424 -0.033 Pb 0.152 0.259 Zn 0.304 0.020 Mo 0.261 -0.061 W 0.197 0.022 Sn 0.376 -0.092 特征根λ 2.009 1.305 方差贡献率/% 22.886 18.544 累计方差贡献率/% 22.886 41.430
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表 4 青海乌拉斯太地区汇水盆地泥沙输移比参数统计
Table 4. Summary statistics of sediment delivery proxies in the Wulasitai region, Qinghai Province
干流坡度MSS/% 地形起伏比RR 汇水盆地面积Aa/(km2)-0.2 汇水盆地数量 1 803 1 803 1 803 平均值 13.56 0.12 1.15 中位数 11.02 0.09 1.06 标准差 9.26 0.09 0.45 极小值 1.38 0.01 1.61 极大值 83.43 0.88 5.02
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表 5 不同泥沙输移比的校正残差值相似系数矩阵
Table 5. Similarity coefficients matrix of corrected residual values for different sediment transport ratios
MSS RR Aa MSS 1.000 RR 0.999 1.000 Aa 0.919 0.905 1.000
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表 6 累计频率法与汇水盆地法圈定异常对比表
Table 6. Comparison of anomalous delineation using the accumulative frequency method and catchment basin analysis
异常提取方法 类型 金多金属矿床(点)总数量/个 铜(金)多金属矿床(点)总数量/个 异常占研究区面积比例/% 落入异常的金多金属矿床(点)数量/个 落入异常的金多金属矿床(点)比例/% 落入异常的铜(金)多金属矿床(点)数量/个 落入异常的铜(金)多金属矿床(点)比例/% 累计频率法 Au 16 7 8.55 9 56.25 3 42.86 Ag 16 7 8.91 5 31.25 0 0.00 Pb 16 7 6.42 5 31.25 1 14.29 Au+Ag+Pb 16 7 20.06 12 75.00 4 57.14 汇水盆地法 MSS 16 7 19.84 14 87.50 5 71.43 RR 16 7 19.63 13 81.25 5 71.43 Aa 16 7 19.82 15 93.75 5 71.43
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