Difference analysis of gravity decollement structures and its effect on hydrocarbon accumulation: By comparing analysis of Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin and Niger Delta Basin
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摘要: 重力滑脱构造是大西洋两岸被动大陆边缘盆地普遍发育的一种构造样式，南大西洋两岸整体发育2种不同塑性层的重力滑脱构造，一类以下白垩统盐岩、硬石膏为塑性层，另一类是以上白垩统-新近系海相泥岩为滑脱塑性层。且均可从陆向海依次划分为拉张区、过渡区和挤压区。为了厘清2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式差异及对油气成藏影响，选取2个代表性盆地——下刚果-刚果扇盆地与尼日尔三角洲盆地进行对比剖析，从而查明2种不同类型重力滑脱构造在相应构造带内构造样式及其油气成藏差异。整体上，盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区表现为盐构造活动剧烈，油气成藏条件优越，油气发现多；过渡区盐构造活动强度减弱，油气富集程度高；挤压区构造活动强烈，盐岩大规模聚集，烃源岩和储层条件差，油气发现少。相比于盐岩塑性层重力滑脱构造，泥岩塑性层重力滑脱构造在拉张区构造活动相对较弱，断块圈闭与储层、烃源岩匹配良好，是主要的油气富集区；过渡区，大量塑性泥岩堆积，泥底辟规模大，深缓底辟型构造是油气有利富集区；挤压区以典型逆冲叠瓦状构造为主，烃源岩、储层和油源断层配置良好，油气富集程度高。针对上述2种不同类型重力滑脱构造样式在烃源岩、储层及油气成藏的差异影响分析，为相关类型重力滑脱构造研究提供借鉴。Abstract: Gravitational decollement is a structural pattern commonly developed in passive continental marginal basins on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.Two different types of gravity decollement structures with transitional salt and marine mudstone as decollement layers are developed.Based on the stress mechanism, it can be divided into extensional zone, transitional zone and compressional zone successively from the continent to the ocean.In order to clarify the difference between those two types of gravitational decollement structures and their influence on oil and gas accumulation, this paper makes a comparative analysis of two representative basins, the Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin and the Niger Delta Basin.Through comparing, the differences of structure patterns, sedimentary reservoir distribution characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation were clarified in the same zone.On the whole, salt gravitational decollement in extensional zone shows that the salt structures are highly active, the oil-gas accumulation conditions are superior, and there are many oil-gas discoveries in this zone.In transitional zone, the intensity of salt activity is moderate and the degree of oil-gas enrichment is the highest.In compressional zone, the salt activity is strong with a large scale salt accumulation, poor source rock and reservoir, and rare oil-gas discoveries.The extensional zone of marine mudstone gravitational decollement is the main oil-gas accumulation area with relatively weak structure activity and good match between the reservoir and source rock.In transitional zone, it has strong extrusion stress, and large amount of mudstone has been accumulated there.The mud diapir is magnificent, and deep-slow diapir structure is the favorable oil-gas accumulation area.The compressional zone is dominated by typical thrust imbricate structure with good match of source rock, reservoir and oil source faults.The oil-gas enrichment in this zone is relatively high.Based on the analysis of those two types of gravitational decollement in source rock, reservoir and hydrocarbon accumulation, this paper have provided some references for the research related to gravitational decollement.
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图 1 大西洋两岸重点盆地重力滑脱构造相关油气储量及比例示意图(据IHS数据库，2019)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the proportion and oil and gas reserves associated with gravity decollement structures in key basins on the both sides of the Atlantic Ocean
图 2 盆地位置图(a)及盆地综合柱状图(b, c)
a.盆地位置图；b.下刚果-刚果扇盆地综合地层柱状图；c.尼日尔三角洲盆地综合地层柱状图
Figure 2. Location of basins (a), and comprehensive column of basins (b, c)
图 4 下刚果-刚果扇盆地拉张区典型地震剖面图
Figure 4. Typical seismic section of the extensional zone of Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin
图 5 过渡区典型地震剖面图
A.下刚果-刚果扇盆地；B.尼日尔三角洲盆地
Figure 5. Typical seismic section of the transitional zone
图 6 挤压区典型地震-地质剖面图
A.下刚果-刚果扇盆地；B.尼日尔三角洲盆地
Figure 6. Typical seismic-geological section of the compressional zone
图 7 下刚果-刚果扇盆地拉张区油气成藏示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of oil-gas accumulation in the extensional zone of Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin
图 8 过渡区油气成藏示意图
A.下刚果-刚果扇盆地；B.尼日尔三角洲盆地
Figure 8. Schematic diagrams of oil-gas accumulation in the transitional zone
图 9 挤压区油气成藏示意图
A.下刚果-刚果扇盆地；B尼日尔三角洲盆地
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of oil-gas accumulation in the compressional zone
表 1 尼日尔三角洲盆地与下刚果-刚果扇盆地重力滑脱构造要素差异对比
Table 1. Comparison of gravity decollement elements between Niger Delta Basin and Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin
盆地 滑脱塑性层 滑脱面形态 上覆地层 沉积物来源 分布范围 尼日尔三角洲盆地 厚层海相泥岩 宽缓 尼日尔三角洲 全盆覆盖 下刚果-刚果扇盆地 厚层蒸发盐岩 窄陡 刚果扇 坡折之下 
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表 2 尼日尔三角洲盆地与下刚果-刚果扇盆地重力滑脱构造带成藏要素特征差异对比
Table 2. Comparison of hydrocarbon accumulation elements between Niger Delta Basin and Lower Congo-Congo Fan Basin in different gravitational decollement zones
构造带 盆地 成藏要素特征 烃源岩 储层 运移通道 圈闭 拉张区 下刚果-刚果扇盆地 微盆生烃
双源供烃“盐筏控滩”、扇三角
洲砂体盐窗-拉张断裂 早期滚动背斜、晚期构造-岩性圈闭 尼日尔三角洲盆地 海相泥岩 三角洲砂体 拉张断裂 滚动背斜圈闭 过渡区 下刚果-刚果扇盆地 盐微盆生烃 扇三角洲砂体 底辟断裂 盐、泥底辟相关 尼日尔三角洲盆地 海相泥岩 三角洲砂体 构造-岩性圈闭 挤压区 下刚果-刚果扇盆地 供烃不足 储层条件差 / / 尼日尔三角洲盆地 海相泥岩 三角洲砂体 挤压逆断裂 逆掩构造-岩性圈闭
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