Distribution characteristics and source identification of shallow groundwater pollution in Yongcheng City
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摘要: 为有效管理和保护永城市浅层地下水资源，维系水资源可续利用，必须查明其污染物的分布特征和来源。在对永城市浅层地下水采样分析的基础上，结合分析城市发展带来产业布局改变及土地利用类型分布对其造成的影响，研究其主要污染组分的来源及分布特征。结果表明：城市第二产业（工矿业）发展，GDP的增长与浅层地下水中ρ（SO42-）、ρ（NO3-）上升存在相关性，城市工业及人口密集区与污染严重区位置趋于一致。浅层地下水污染的最主要来源是SO42-含量的上升，除了直接导致水质变差外，还会间接改变水文地球化学作用的强度，造成原本难溶的碳酸盐和硅酸盐的溶解量增大，使得ρ（TDS）进一步上升而改变水质。其次，NO3-、COD也是浅层地下水主要的污染来源，其部分来源工业废水，部分来源于农业上农药和化肥的过量使用。Abstract: In order to effectively manage and protect the shallow groundwater resource in Yongcheng City and maintain the sustainable utilization of water resource, distribution characteristics and sources of pollutants must be identified.On the basis of sampling and analysis of shallow groundwater, this paper studies the sources and distribution characteristics of main pollution components, combining with the influence of industrial layout change and land use type distribution caused by urban development.The results show that the growth of urban secondary industry (industry and mining) and GDP are correlated with the increase of SO42- and NO3- contents in shallow groundwater, the dense areas of urban industry and population tend to be the same as the seriously polluted areas of shallow groundwater.The main source of shallow groundwater pollution is the increase of SO42- content, in addition to directly causing the deterioration of water quality.It also indirectly changes the intensity of hydrogeochemical action.It leads to an increase in the dissolution of the insoluble carbonate and silicate, which further increases the content of TDS and changes the water quality.In addition, NO3- and COD are also the main pollution sources.It comes partly from industrial waste water and partly from the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizer in agriculture.
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图 1 研究区位置及采样点分布图
Figure 1. Location of the study area and distribution of the sampling points
图 2 永城市三大产业在GDP中比重变动(1998-2019年)
Figure 2. Changes in the proportion of the three major industries in the GDP of Yongcheng City(1998-2019)
图 3 永城市GDP与浅层地下水中SO42-，NO3-趋势线(2011-2014年)
Figure 3. Trend lines of urban GDP and SO42- and NO3- in shallow groundwater(2011-2014)
图 6 2017年浅层地下水中SO42-，COD, NO3-，Cl-质量浓度等值线图(单位：mg/L)
Figure 6. Contour map of concentration of SO42-, COD, NO3- and Cl- in shallow groundwater in 2017(Unit: mg/L)
表 1 浅层地下水化学测试指标及检出限
Table 1. Indicators and detection limits of hydrochemistry of shallow groundwater
测试指标 测试方法 检出限/(mg·L-1) K+和Na+ 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法 0.01 Ca2+ 乙二胺四乙酸二钠滴定法 2 Mg2+ 乙二胺四乙酸二钠滴定法 1 Cl- 硝酸银容量法 1 SO42- 硫酸钡比浊法 3 HCO3- 酸碱滴定法 5 F- 分光光度法 0.05 NO3- 分光光度法 0.01 TDS 干燥-重量法 5 COD 酸性高锰酸钾滴定法 0.04 总硬度 乙二胺四乙酸二钠滴定法 3 pH值 玻璃电极法测试 无量纲 
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表 2 浅层地下水化学统计
Table 2. Statistics of hydrochemical parameters of shallow groundwater
pH K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- ρB/(mg·L-1) 极小值 7.2 0.28 8.55 25.25 10.69 3.54 24.02 极大值 8.3 49.94 283.6 206.81 105.58 207.74 453.4 均值 7.56 3.34 94.45 83.88 55.04 57.33 118.09 标准差 0.26 72.40 67.35 40.50 20.16 45.31 83.37 HCO3- F- NO3- NO2- TDS COD 总硬度 ρB/(mg·L-1) 极小值 140.35 0.3 0.02 0 192.24 0.07 138.5 极大值 784.72 2.6 115 1.8 1 235.26 3.67 893.5 均值 510.23 1.22 25.64 0.15 697.96 0.67 435.09 标准差 140.21 0.63 31.35 0.32 232.89 0.77 132.51
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表 3 因子分析结果
Table 3. Results of factor analysis
成分 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 SO42- 0.89 0.10 0.20 -0.04 -0.18 Cl- 0.88 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.23 总硬度 0.87 0.07 -0.40 0.08 0.02 TDS 0.78 0.59 0.12 0.09 0.05 Mg2+ 0.64 0.49 -0.01 -0.37 0.15 Ca2+ 0.62 -0.32 -0.52 0.41 -0.10 HCO3- 0.13 0.94 -0.01 0.10 -0.14 Na+ 0.25 0.80 0.43 -0.01 0.02 pH -0.08 0.02 0.89 -0.18 -0.04 K+ 0.10 0.29 0.77 0.42 0.02 F- -0.07 0.16 0.21 -0.89 -0.14 H2SiO3 -0.067 0.35 0.21 0.73 0.03 NO3- 0.06 0.05 -0.13 0.01 0.81 COD 0.08 -0.11 0.12 0.11 0.81 贡献率/% 27.32 17.82 15.57 13.49 10.49 累积贡献率/% 27.32 45.13 60.70 74.19 84.68
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