基于全岩心CT的遗迹化石定量表征新方法: 以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块为例

陈浩; 黄继新; 聂志泉; 周久宁; 史晓星

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0419

基于全岩心CT的遗迹化石定量表征新方法: 以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块为例

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0419

陈浩^{1, 2,},
黄继新¹,
聂志泉³,
周久宁¹,
史晓星¹

基金项目:

美洲地区超重油与油砂高效开发关键技术 2016ZX05031

国家自然科学基金项目 41472119

详细信息

作者简介:
陈浩(1990-), 男, 工程师, 主要从事加拿大油砂开发地质研究工作。E-mail: 382592444@qq.com

中图分类号: Q913.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-09-30

Quantitative characterization of ichnology based on CT scan: A case study of Mackay-Ⅲ oil sands, Canada

摘要

摘要: 根据高分辨率岩心照片、全岩心CT扫描和测井资料，以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块下白垩统McMurray组为研究对象，开展了遗迹化石属种识别、定量表征及其空间分布特征研究。在划分目的层岩相类型的基础上，综合生物扰动指数（BI）、遗迹尺寸多样性指数（SDI）和围岩平均粒径，提出了生物扰动综合指数（BCI），并采用序贯高斯随机模拟建立了目的层BCI三维地质模型。结果表明：目的层发育9种碎屑岩岩相和9属遗迹化石。岩相以富含油块状中粒砂岩相、富生物扰动细粒砂岩相和富生物扰动泥质粉砂岩相为主，遗迹化石以Skoliths、Palaeophycus和Planolites为主。根据BCI模型，可将全区划分为Ⅰ类弱生物扰动（BCI < 1.5），Ⅱ类中等生物扰动（1.5<BCI < 3）和Ⅲ类强生物扰动（BCI>3）区域。本研究为定量表征遗迹化石的发育特征和空间分布提供了新的思路与方法。
- 加拿大油砂 /
- CT扫描 /
- 岩相划分 /
- 遗迹化石 /
- 定量表征
Abstract: Based on high-resolution core photos, CT scan pictures, and well logging, the classification, features and spatial distributions of trace fossils in McMurray Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Mackay-III oil sands, Canada, were characterized quantitatively.Based on lithofacies, a new parameter, bioturbation comprehensive index(BCI), was proposed by combining bioturbation index(BI), size diversity index(SDI), and the mean grain size of hostrock.A three-dimension BCI model was built by sequential Gaussian stochastic simulation.Results show that there are nine lithofacies and nine genera trace fossils in McMurray Formation.Lithofacies were dominated by oil saturated medium-grained sandstone, high bioturbation fine-grained sandstone, and high bioturbation muddy siltstone.Trace fossils were dominated by Skoliths, Palaeophycus, and Planolites. According to BCI model, the study area was subdivided into Type Ⅰ weak Bioturbation(BCI < 1.5), Type Ⅱ moderate bioturbation(1.5<BCI < 3) and Type Ⅲ strong bioturbation(BCI>3).This paper provides a novel method and process to characterize the features and spatial distributions of trace fossils quantitatively.
- Canada oil sands /
- CT scan /
- lithofacies division /
- trace fossils /
- quantitative characterization

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图 1 麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块地理位置、井位及地层特征

a.地理位置; b.井位分布; c.单井柱状图

Figure 1. Location, well distribution and formation relationship of Mackay-Ⅲ oil sands

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 麦凯Ⅲ区块McMurray组典型岩相

a.1032井, 159.04~159.79 m, 岩相F1; b.0433井，189.67~190.42 m, 岩相F2; c.0704井, 187.39~188.14 m, 岩相F3; d.0805井, 165.67~166.42 m, 岩相F4; e.1232井，184.58~185.33 m, 岩相F5; f.0432井, 173.89~174.64 m, 岩相F6; g.0433, 163.27~164.02 m, 岩相F7; h.0704井, 170.06~170.81 m, 岩相F8; i.0432井, 191.89~192.64 m, 岩相F9, 岩心筒高75 cm，宽7.5 cm

Figure 2. Typical lithofacies of the McMurray Formation, Mackay-Ⅲ

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 麦凯Ⅲ工区McMurray组遗迹化石及实体化石

a.1232井, 164.5 m, BI=1~4; b.0504井, 166 m, BI=2~4; c.0432井, 173.60 m, BI=1~3; d.0432井, 164.15 m, BI=3; e.0432井, 164.65 m, BI=4~6; f.0504井, 173.5 m, BI=1~2; g.0832井, 161.80 m, BI=4~5; h.0805井, 166.70 m, BI=6; i.0828井, 152.75 m, BI=4; j.0833井, 183.90 m, BI=1; k.1032井, 166.25 m, BI=6;As.Asterosoma; Ch.Chondrites; Op.Ophiomorpha; Pa.Palaeophycus; Pl.Planolites; Ro.Rosselia; Sk.Skolithos; Te.Teichichnus; Th.Thalassinoides; DML.双泥披层; Bi.双壳类

Figure 3. Identification of trace fossils, McMurray Formation, Mackay-Ⅲ

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 0433井生物扰动综合指数(BCI)三维地质模型建立

a.BCI单井表征; b.岩相模型; c.BCI模型；BI.生物扰动指数；SDI.遗迹尺寸多样性指数；As.Asterosoma; Ch.Chondrites; Op.Ophiomorpha; Pa.Palaeophycus; Pl.Planolites; Ro.Rosselia; Sk.Skolithos; Te.Teichichnus; Th.Thalassinoides

Figure 4. Three-dimension geo-modeling process of BCI

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 目的层遗迹化石发育特征及其空间分布

a.南北向剖面; b.东西向剖面

Figure 5. Features and spatial distribution of trace fossils in target formation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 麦凯Ⅲ工区McMurray组典型岩相特征

Table 1. Analysis of typical lithofacies of the McMurray Formation, Mackay-Ⅲ

岩相	岩相描述	沉积构造	生物遗迹特征	环境解释
F1	以细砂岩为主，少见突变面，正韵律，薄砂层，平均粒径0.203 mm	交错层理，平行纹层，波痕交错纹层，块状砂岩，发育砂泥岩互层	遗迹分异度低、中到高密度，包括: Skolithos, Planolites	潮汐砂坝
F2	极细到中砂岩，可见突变面，正韵律，偶见绿泥石。平均粒径0.202 mm	平行至低角度纹层，少见丘状交错层理和波痕纹层	分异度和密度皆为低到中等，包括: Palaeophycus, Asterosoma, Planolites, Thalassinoides, Rosselia, Teichichnus, Skolithos	潮上带
F3	极细到细砂岩，偶见突变面，正韵律，薄砂层，平均粒径0.135 mm	波状层理，平行纹层，少见丘状交错层理，韵律性砂泥岩互层，偶见泥砾	分异度和密度皆为中到高等，Skolithos-Cruziana遗迹相组合; 包括: Asterosoma, Rosselia, Thalassionides	潮汐砂坝边缘
F4	泥质砂岩至极细砂岩，发育突变面，正韵律，薄砂层, 平均粒径0.129 mm	波状至波痕交错纹层，以及平行纹层，波状泥质和泥质砂岩交替发育	中等分异度、中到高密度遗迹组合，包括: Thalassinoides, Planolites, Palaeophycus, Asterosoma, Skolithos, Teichichnus	浅海陆棚潮下带
F5	细砂岩，反韵律，偶见突变面，薄砂层。岩心可见大量稳定连续的泥质纹层，平均粒径0.143 mm	波状韵律性砂泥岩互层	高分异度、高密度遗迹组合，包括: Asterosoma, Thalassinoides, Planolites, Rosselia	潮汐砂坝坝体边缘
F6	细砂岩，反韵律，偶见突变面。发育零星泥质纹层，平均粒径0.124 mm	波状韵律性砂泥岩互层	高分异度、高密度遗迹组合，包括: Asterosoma, Thalassinoides, Planolites, Rosselia	潮汐砂坝坝体边缘
F7	深灰色、纹层状泥岩，少见突变面，正韵律。平均粒径0.117 mm	无明显结构特征，泥质纹层中可见平行至低角度交错层理	低分异度和中到高密度遗迹组合，Chondrites	浅海陆棚
F8	泥质砂层夹粉砂岩，正韵律，常见突变面，薄砂层。平均粒径0.117 mm	平行纹层，生物扰动泥质纹层	低分异度、中到高密度遗迹组合，包括: Chondrites, Teichichnus, Asterosoma	浅海陆棚潮下带
F9	极细到中粒砂岩，偶见突变面，正韵律，薄砂层，平均粒径0.148 mm	波痕交错纹层，平行纹层，小型交错层理，波状层理，波状砂泥岩互层	低到中等分异度、中密度遗迹组合，包括: Asterosoma, Rosselia, Skolithos, Planolites, and Thalassinoides	潮间带潮汐砂坝

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表 2 遗迹化石扫描图像(0433井)及发育规模统计结果

Table 2. The CT scan picture of trace fossils (Well 0433) and the statistics of spatial scale

类别	Palaeophycus	Planolites	Ophiomorpha	Skolithos	Teichichnus	Rosselia
CT图像
CT值	1 400~4 800	1 700~5 000	3 000~5 000	3 000~5 000	1 800~2 500	1 100~1 800
统计个数	45	68	14	34	8	8
长度/mm	58.15	45.67	53.75	24.48	47.61	31.2
孔径/mm	6.34	24.26	8.32	1.52	15.79	12.1

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