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含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望

陈少伟 刘建章

陈少伟, 刘建章. 含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望[J]. 地质科技通报, 2021, 40(4): 81-92. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0426
引用本文: 陈少伟, 刘建章. 含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望[J]. 地质科技通报, 2021, 40(4): 81-92. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0426
Chen Shaowei, Liu Jianzhang. Research progress and prospects of the stages, genesis and fluid evolution of micro-fracture veins in petroliferous basins[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2021, 40(4): 81-92. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0426
Citation: Chen Shaowei, Liu Jianzhang. Research progress and prospects of the stages, genesis and fluid evolution of micro-fracture veins in petroliferous basins[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2021, 40(4): 81-92. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0426

含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2021.0426
基金项目: 

中科院战略性先导科技专项A类 XDA14010302

国家自然科学基金项目 42072179

国家自然科学基金项目 41690134

国家自然科学基金项目 41672141

详细信息
    作者简介:

    陈少伟(1996-), 男, 现正攻读矿产普查与勘探专业硕士学位, 主要从事非常规油气方面研究工作。E-mail: 1609062748@qq.com

    通讯作者:

    刘建章(1976-), 男, 副教授, 主要从事油气地质方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail: liujzh@126.com

  • 中图分类号: P618.13

Research progress and prospects of the stages, genesis and fluid evolution of micro-fracture veins in petroliferous basins

  • 摘要: 沉积岩石中断裂与裂缝是含油气盆地流体活动的重要通道,断裂与裂缝中充填的不同期次、不同类型的矿物脉体是烃-水-岩相互作用的产物,记录了断裂、裂缝形成过程中不同期次流体性质、组分、来源以及温压场、氧化还原环境等信息,为研究沉积盆地断裂发育、流体动力场特征、物理化学环境及封闭与保存条件等地层古流体活动、动态演化过程提供了重要线索。系统总结了含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体流体活动示踪、演化的基本方法及其地质应用现状,认为目前主要集中在三个方面:①通过对裂缝脉体充填的成岩矿物岩石学观察,分析成岩矿物类型、结构及形成的相对次序;②通过对脉体成岩矿物的同位素、微量-稀土元素、流体包裹体等地球化学测试,示踪成脉古流体性质、来源、温压-氧化还原环境等;③通过对脉体成岩矿物放射性同位素(如U-Pb、Re-Os等)的测试,精确确定脉体形成时间,结合区域构造演化探讨脉体形成过程、流体动力场环境及其动态演化过程。最后分析了现有研究方法存在的问题,探讨今后的发展趋势及地质应用前景,以期为含油气盆地古流体演化及其与油气运移、聚集与保存等油气成藏机理的研究提供参考。

     

  • 图 1  四川盆地涪陵地区梓里场区块五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝脉体微观发育特征

    图a, c, e为透射光; 图b, d, f为对应的阴极光;图c,e分别对应图a中A、B区域;Q为石英,Cal为方解石;图b见方解石呈橙红色或橘黄色阴极光,石英不发光。Ⅰ.早期低角度方解石脉;Ⅱ.石英与方解石共生脉;Ⅲ.晚期高角度方解石脉

    Figure 1.  Microscopic development characteristics of shale fracture veins in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation of Zilichang block in Fuling area, Sichuan Basin

    图 2  四川盆地涪陵地区梓里场区块五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝石英脉中流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱图

    a.含CO2甲烷包裹体;b.含CH4气-液两相盐水包裹体

    Figure 2.  Laser Raman spectra of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in shale fractures of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Zilichang block, Fuling area, Sichuan Basin

    图 3  涪陵页岩气田五峰组-龙马溪组裂缝方解石脉与页岩围岩碳氧同位素关系

    Figure 3.  Carbon and oxygen isotopic relationships between fractured calcite veins and shale surrounding rocks in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Fuling Shale Gas Field

    图 4  典型自然环境和矿物中稀土元素的PAAS标准化配分模式[45]

    Figure 4.  PAAS standardized distribution model of REE in typical natural environments and minerals

    表  1  流体包裹体成分分析方法、特点、影响因素及其局限性

    Table  1.   Analysis methods, characteristics, influencing factors and limitations of fluid inclusion composition

    分析类别 测试方法 方法特点 影响因素及局限性 资料来源
    单个包裹体成分分析 非破坏性分析 激光拉曼光谱分析(LRM) 用途:气烃包裹体、CO2包裹体成分确定
    特点:定性-半定量,微区微量,高分辨率
    影响因素:荧光干扰
    局限性:测定成分有限,未能实现C6+液态烃的分析
    文献[18]
    傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR) 用途:含油气包裹体中的有机成分确定
    特点:定性,测试结果具有很好的重复性,可以消除一些矿物和有机荧光的影响
    影响因素:流体包裹体大小、形状
    局限性:流体包裹体中离子态元素无法定量
    文献[31]
    同步辐射X射线荧光(SXRF) 用途:流体包裹体中微量元素成分确定
    特点:定量,较高的空间分辨率,能谱连续,多元素同时检出
    影响因素:主矿物对入射荧光束的X射线吸收
    局限性:价格昂贵,检测限较高,仅适用于原子序数大于13的元素
    文献[32]
    核微探针分析(PIXE和PIGE) 用途:流体包裹体中的微量元素成分确定
    特点:定量,高灵敏度,多元素同时检出
    影响因素:流体包裹体形状、内部结构
    局限性:PIXE适用于重元素分析,PIGE适用于轻元素分析
    文献[33]
    破坏性分析 激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS) 用途:流体包裹体中的常、微量元素,Sr和Pb同位素确定
    特点:定量,高灵敏度、低检出限、多元素同时检出
    影响因素:剥蚀热量、流体包裹体大小
    局限性:定量校正技术的适用性不足
    文献[17, 21]
    群体包裹体成分分析 色谱-质谱分析:压碎法、爆裂-萃取法 用途:流体包裹体中气相成分、阴阳离子数确定
    特点:定量,速度快,准确度高
    影响因素:样品处理要求高
    局限性:数据代表性差,仅适用于同世代且具有良好代表性的流体包裹体
    文献[34]
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  古流体活动时间确定方法、特点、影响因素及其局限性

    Table  2.   Methods, characteristics, influencing factors and limitations of determining the time of paleofluid activity

    研究方法 方法特点 影响因素及局限性 资料来源
    流体包裹体分析法 均一温度法 用途:叠合盆地多源、多期流体活动时间
    特点:间接定年
    影响因素:埋藏史-热史、成岩环境
    局限性:测试结果具有多解性、人为性强
    文献[70]
    40Ar-39Ar法 用途:伴生矿物形成时间
    特点:直接定年
    影响因素:流体包裹体丰度及其K含量
    局限性:测定流体包裹体K含量难度大
    文献[53]
    原油或沥青U-Pb、Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素测年 用途:油气生成、运移的年龄
    特点:直接确定原油或沥青的年龄
    影响因素:样品中放射性同位素的富集和分离
    局限性:目前只做到了沥青和干酪根中放射性同位素的分离
    文献[56, 71]
    原油或沥青Re-Os同位素定年 用途:油气生成、运移的年龄
    特点:精确厘定油气运移和充注的时限,有效示踪烃源岩
    影响因素:在自然界丰度低,分离和提纯困难
    局限性:仅适用于晚期成藏、单期改造的油气藏
    文献[58, 72]
    方解石LA-MC-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb放射性同位素定年 用途:不同期次方解石形成年龄
    特点:准确率高,避免了不同期次、成岩矿物混合的影响
    影响因素:矿物中U/Pb含量
    局限性:缺乏广泛认可的标准样品用于数据校正
    文献[66-67]
    自生矿物热释光、ESR定年 用途:晚期成藏的年龄
    特点:间接定年,准确度高
    影响因素:自生矿物分离提纯难
    局限性:仅适用于与油气藏伴生的石英脉、方解石脉,年龄范围较年轻
    文献[68-69]
    下载: 导出CSV
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