Research progress and prospects of the stages, genesis and fluid evolution of micro-fracture veins in petroliferous basins
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摘要: 沉积岩石中断裂与裂缝是含油气盆地流体活动的重要通道，断裂与裂缝中充填的不同期次、不同类型的矿物脉体是烃-水-岩相互作用的产物，记录了断裂、裂缝形成过程中不同期次流体性质、组分、来源以及温压场、氧化还原环境等信息，为研究沉积盆地断裂发育、流体动力场特征、物理化学环境及封闭与保存条件等地层古流体活动、动态演化过程提供了重要线索。系统总结了含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体流体活动示踪、演化的基本方法及其地质应用现状，认为目前主要集中在三个方面：①通过对裂缝脉体充填的成岩矿物岩石学观察，分析成岩矿物类型、结构及形成的相对次序；②通过对脉体成岩矿物的同位素、微量-稀土元素、流体包裹体等地球化学测试，示踪成脉古流体性质、来源、温压-氧化还原环境等；③通过对脉体成岩矿物放射性同位素(如U-Pb、Re-Os等)的测试，精确确定脉体形成时间，结合区域构造演化探讨脉体形成过程、流体动力场环境及其动态演化过程。最后分析了现有研究方法存在的问题，探讨今后的发展趋势及地质应用前景，以期为含油气盆地古流体演化及其与油气运移、聚集与保存等油气成藏机理的研究提供参考。Abstract: Faults and fractures in sedimentary rocks are important channels for fluid activities in petroliferous basins.Different stages and types of mineral veins filled in fractures are the product of hydrocarbon-water-rock interactions, recording the formation process of faults and fractures fluid properties, components, sources, temperature and pressure fields, redox environment and other information in different stages of the process. They provide important clues to study the development of faults in sedimentary basins, the characteristics of fluid dynamic fields, physical and chemical environments.This paper systematically summarizes the basic methods of fluid activity tracing and evolution of fracture veins in petroliferous basins and their current geological applications, and believes that they are mainly concentrated in three aspects: First, through the petrological observation of diagenetic minerals filled with fracture veins, to analyze the type, structure and relative order of formation of diagenetic minerals; the second is to trace the nature, source, temperature and pressure of vein-forming paleo-fluids through geochemical tests such as isotopes, trace rare earth elements, and fluid inclusions of vein diagenetic minerals- redox environment, etc.; the third is to accurately determine the formation time of veins by testing radioisotopes of diagenetic minerals in veins(such as U-Pb, Re-Os, etc.), and discuss vein formation processes and hydrodynamic fields based on regional structural evolution environment and its dynamic evolution process.Finally, the problems of existing research methods are analyzed, and the future development trends and geological application prospects are discussed, in order to provide references for the study of the evolution of paleofluid in petroliferous basins and their relationship with hydrocarbon migration and accumulation and preservation.
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Key words:
- rare earth elements /
- paleofluid evolution /
- diagenetic sequence /
- fracture vein /
- petroliferous basin
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图 1 四川盆地涪陵地区梓里场区块五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝脉体微观发育特征
图a, c, e为透射光; 图b, d, f为对应的阴极光；图c，e分别对应图a中A、B区域；Q为石英，Cal为方解石；图b见方解石呈橙红色或橘黄色阴极光，石英不发光。Ⅰ.早期低角度方解石脉；Ⅱ.石英与方解石共生脉；Ⅲ.晚期高角度方解石脉
Figure 1. Microscopic development characteristics of shale fracture veins in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation of Zilichang block in Fuling area, Sichuan Basin
图 2 四川盆地涪陵地区梓里场区块五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝石英脉中流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱图
a.含CO2甲烷包裹体；b.含CH4气-液两相盐水包裹体
Figure 2. Laser Raman spectra of fluid inclusions in quartz veins in shale fractures of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Zilichang block, Fuling area, Sichuan Basin
图 3 涪陵页岩气田五峰组-龙马溪组裂缝方解石脉与页岩围岩碳氧同位素关系
Figure 3. Carbon and oxygen isotopic relationships between fractured calcite veins and shale surrounding rocks in Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in Fuling Shale Gas Field
图 4 典型自然环境和矿物中稀土元素的PAAS标准化配分模式[45]
Figure 4. PAAS standardized distribution model of REE in typical natural environments and minerals
表 1 流体包裹体成分分析方法、特点、影响因素及其局限性
Table 1. Analysis methods, characteristics, influencing factors and limitations of fluid inclusion composition
分析类别 测试方法 方法特点 影响因素及局限性 资料来源 单个包裹体成分分析 非破坏性分析 激光拉曼光谱分析(LRM) 用途：气烃包裹体、CO2包裹体成分确定
特点：定性-半定量，微区微量，高分辨率影响因素：荧光干扰
局限性：测定成分有限，未能实现C6+液态烃的分析文献[18] 傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR) 用途：含油气包裹体中的有机成分确定
特点：定性，测试结果具有很好的重复性，可以消除一些矿物和有机荧光的影响影响因素：流体包裹体大小、形状
局限性：流体包裹体中离子态元素无法定量文献[31] 同步辐射X射线荧光(SXRF) 用途：流体包裹体中微量元素成分确定
特点：定量，较高的空间分辨率，能谱连续，多元素同时检出影响因素：主矿物对入射荧光束的X射线吸收
局限性：价格昂贵，检测限较高，仅适用于原子序数大于13的元素文献[32] 核微探针分析(PIXE和PIGE) 用途：流体包裹体中的微量元素成分确定
特点：定量，高灵敏度，多元素同时检出影响因素：流体包裹体形状、内部结构
局限性：PIXE适用于重元素分析，PIGE适用于轻元素分析文献[33] 破坏性分析 激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS) 用途：流体包裹体中的常、微量元素，Sr和Pb同位素确定
特点：定量，高灵敏度、低检出限、多元素同时检出影响因素：剥蚀热量、流体包裹体大小
局限性：定量校正技术的适用性不足文献[17, 21] 群体包裹体成分分析 色谱-质谱分析：压碎法、爆裂-萃取法 用途：流体包裹体中气相成分、阴阳离子数确定
特点：定量，速度快，准确度高影响因素：样品处理要求高
局限性：数据代表性差，仅适用于同世代且具有良好代表性的流体包裹体文献[34] 
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表 2 古流体活动时间确定方法、特点、影响因素及其局限性
Table 2. Methods, characteristics, influencing factors and limitations of determining the time of paleofluid activity
研究方法 方法特点 影响因素及局限性 资料来源 流体包裹体分析法 均一温度法 用途：叠合盆地多源、多期流体活动时间
特点：间接定年影响因素：埋藏史-热史、成岩环境
局限性：测试结果具有多解性、人为性强文献[70] 40Ar-39Ar法 用途：伴生矿物形成时间
特点：直接定年影响因素：流体包裹体丰度及其K含量
局限性：测定流体包裹体K含量难度大文献[53] 原油或沥青U-Pb、Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素测年 用途：油气生成、运移的年龄
特点：直接确定原油或沥青的年龄影响因素：样品中放射性同位素的富集和分离
局限性：目前只做到了沥青和干酪根中放射性同位素的分离文献[56, 71] 原油或沥青Re-Os同位素定年 用途：油气生成、运移的年龄
特点：精确厘定油气运移和充注的时限，有效示踪烃源岩影响因素：在自然界丰度低，分离和提纯困难
局限性：仅适用于晚期成藏、单期改造的油气藏文献[58, 72] 方解石LA-MC-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb放射性同位素定年 用途：不同期次方解石形成年龄
特点：准确率高，避免了不同期次、成岩矿物混合的影响影响因素：矿物中U/Pb含量
局限性：缺乏广泛认可的标准样品用于数据校正文献[66-67] 自生矿物热释光、ESR定年 用途：晚期成藏的年龄
特点：间接定年，准确度高影响因素：自生矿物分离提纯难
局限性：仅适用于与油气藏伴生的石英脉、方解石脉，年龄范围较年轻文献[68-69]
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