Discovery and geological significance of gas-liquid spouting expulsion and effusion depositional structures at Xialei manganese deposit in Guangxi
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摘要: 广西大新下雷泥盆纪锰矿床是我国首个超大型锰矿床。通过对矿床含锰岩系、矿石组合、矿石成分、矿石结构构造综合分析研究，在锰矿体中发现了可能为气液喷溢沉积成因的角砾状、脉状以及网脉状构造的锰矿石。同时在矿石中普遍见热液成因的含锰硅酸盐矿物和硫化物，如蔷薇辉石、锰铁叶蛇纹石、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、锰帘石等。通过对矿区钻孔原始编录资料综合分析，在控制该锰矿床形成分布的泥盆纪晚期的下雷-土湖Ⅳ级地堑盆地中，成功恢复识别出3条锰矿成矿期同沉积断层。发现角砾状锰矿石等在空间上集中成群分布，应是导致锰矿形成的古气液喷溢口的分布位置，空间分布受锰矿成矿期同沉积断层的控制。通过与贵州松桃南华纪"大塘坡式"气液喷溢沉积型锰矿床进行对比，发现二者气液喷溢沉积构造等特征较为相似，故认为广西大新下雷泥盆纪锰矿床的成因类型可能与南华纪"大塘坡式"锰矿相似，具有气液喷溢沉积型锰矿床的一些典型特征，这为"下雷式"锰矿成矿研究与找矿预测提供了新的思路。Abstract: The Daxin Xialei Devonian manganese deposit in Guangxi is the first super-massive manganese ore deposit ever discovered in China. Here we conducted detailed petrographic studies on manganese-bearing sequence, ore mineral assemblages and their textures and structures. Our work reveal that the brecciated, vein-bearing and stockwork manganese ore minerals may form correspondingly to the expulsion and effusion of the gas and liquid-rich fluid. In addition, prevailing manganese-bearing silicate and sulfide minerals (rhodonite, manganese-iron chlorophyllite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, manganite, etc.) of hydrothermal origin are observed among the ores. Further comprehensive examinations of the original borehole data of the mining area lead to two major outcomes.First, three syndepositional faults are successfully recovered and identified in Late Devonian Xialei-Tuhu Ⅳ-graben basins, which controls the formation and spatial distribution of the manganese ore deposit.Second, brecciated manganese ore minerals appear to be clustered in space, and the localities of which may correspond to the locations of the ancient gas-liquid expulsion and effusion centers that give rise to the formation of manganese ore. Notably, the spatial distribution of the fossilized gas-liquid centers is controlled by the syndepositional faults developed during the formation of manganese ore deposit. Given the observation that Xalei Devonian manganese ore deposit shares comparable expulsion and effusion depositional features to Nanhua Datangpo gas-liquid depositional manganese ore deposit at Songtao of Guizhou Province, it is therefore argued that both Xialei and Datangpo manganese ore developed by similar mechanisms. This study sheds light on a better understanding of the metallogenic mechanism(s) and will place better constraints on the future explorations of Xialei manganese ore deposit.
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图 1 广西早石炭世沉积-构造古地理图(据文献[35])
1.地名；2.研究区；3.碳酸盐岩台地；4.深水盆地；5.海槽；6.古陆
Figure 1. Sedimentary and tectonic palaeogeography map of the Early Carboniferous in Guangxi
图 2 晚泥盆纪右江盆地靖西-天等构造古地理图
1.右江盆地(深水盆地相+浅水台地相)；2.靖西-天等次级盆地(半局限台地相)；3.下雷-龙邦Ⅲ级地堑盆地(斜坡相+盆地相)；4.Ⅳ级地堑盆地(盆地相)；5.推测同沉积断层；6.半局限台地相；7.斜坡相.；8.Ⅲ级地堑盆地；9.Ⅳ级地堑盆地；10.盆地结构与沉积相界线
Figure 2. Structure division of Jinxi-Tiandeng Basin structure in late Devonian
图 3 下雷锰矿床含锰岩系柱状剖面对比图
1.锰矿体；2.次级盆地中半局限台地相；3.斜坡相；4.盆地相；5.条带状锰矿石；6.豆状锰矿石；7.角砾状锰矿石；8.钻孔编号；9.地层厚度；10.锰矿体厚度及品位；11.上泥盆统五指山组第一段；12.上泥盆统五指山组第二段；13.上泥盆统五指山组第三段；14.泥质灰岩；15.泥质硅质岩；16.钙质硅质岩；17.含碳硅质岩；18.含泥质钙质硅质岩；19.硅质岩；20.碳质硅质岩；21.含碳灰岩；22.见矿钻孔；23.未见矿钻孔；24.地层剖面位置；25.盆地结构与沉积相界线；26.钻孔(剖面)间距离；27.次级盆地
Figure 3. Comparison of columnar sections of manganese-bearing rock series in Xialei-Longbang graben basin
图 5 下雷锰矿床矿区地质图及10号勘探线剖面图
1.倒转背斜；2.倒转向斜；3.背斜轴；4.向斜轴；5.倾伏方向；6.断层及编号；7.矿体露头线；8.勘探线及编号；9.中泥盆统东岗岭组；10.辉绿岩体；11.下石炭统；12.上泥盆统；13.上泥盆统五指山组；14.下石炭统大塘阶硅质灰岩；15.下石炭统岩观阶第二段泥质硅质岩；16.下石炭统岩观阶第一段含碳含生物碎屑硅质灰岩；17.上泥盆统五指山组第四段泥质硅质岩；18.上泥盆统五指山组第三段钙质硅质岩；19.上泥盆统五指山组第二段硅质岩；20.锰矿体；21.钻孔；22.钻孔编号；23.孔深；24.地层界线；25.断层
Figure 5. Geological map of Xialei manganese deposit and No.10 exploration line profile
图 6 下雷锰矿床厚度等值线图
Figure 6. Contour map of thickness of manganese-bearing rock series in Xialei manganese deposit
图 7 下雷锰矿床角砾状锰矿宏观与微观特征
a.角砾状锰矿石手标本；b.正交偏光镜下胶结物(铁锰蛇纹石)；c~f.角砾状锰矿石
Figure 7. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of brecciform manganese ore in Xialei manganese deposit
图 8 下雷锰矿床气液喷溢口群分布图(据广西地质勘查院资料编制)
Figure 8. Distribution map of spouting orifices group of Xialei manganese deposit
图 9 下雷锰矿床锰矿石中硫化物及硅酸盐矿物能谱分析(箭头指向所分析的矿物)
Figure 9. Energy spectrum analysis of sulfide and silicate minerals in the manganese ore of Xialei manganese deposit
图 10 下雷锰矿床条带状锰矿石宏观与微观特征
a.条带状矿石(磁铁矿、褐铁矿条带)；b.条带状矿石(蔷薇辉石条带)；c.脉状硅酸锰矿石；d.镜下磁铁矿条带；e.镜下蔷薇辉石条带；f.镜下钙菱锰矿条带(黄铁矿颗粒)；g.方解石网脉；h.顺层脉状蔷薇辉石；i.穿层脉状锰矿石；j.镜下方解石网脉；k.镜下顺层脉状蔷薇辉石；l.镜下穿层脉状黄铁矿石
Figure 10. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of banded manganese ore in Xialei manganese deposit
表 1 晚泥盆纪右江盆地靖西-天等次级盆地结构划分
Table 1. The structure division of Jinxi-Tiandeng graben basin in Late Devonian
Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 备注 右江盆地
(深水盆地+浅水台地)靖西-天等次级盆地
(半局限台地)下雷-龙邦地堑盆地 下雷-土湖地堑盆地
依屯-含香地堑盆地
龙邦-地州地堑盆地
壬庄地堑盆地Ⅳ级地堑盆地沉积相均为盆地相 
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