Identification of the karst water flow system and its application in the tunnel line selection of water diversion projects
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摘要: 某国家重大引调水工程引水隧洞将穿越聚龙山向斜可溶岩地层，可能面临严重岩溶涌突水问题。为了查明隧洞突涌水条件，选择岩溶水害风险较低的引水方案，综合采用岩溶水文地质调查、水化学与同位素分析等方法对聚龙山向斜岩溶水流系统特征进行了识别。结果表明：聚龙山向斜含水系统具有"两含夹一隔"的多层结构，下部二叠系主要为埋藏型岩溶弱发育区，而上部三叠系裸露型岩溶区中发育了具有多级水流系统的巨型岩溶汇水盆地。穿聚龙山向斜段工程论证的3个方案中，A线方案从向斜西段岩溶水系统的补给区穿越，隧洞穿可溶岩段长度短、且全部为埋藏型岩溶，剖面上绕避了三叠系岩溶汇水盆地，发生岩溶涌突水的风险低；而B线方案和C线方案均进入了三叠系岩溶汇水盆地，穿越裸露型可溶岩段的长度大，遭遇高压岩溶突水的风险高，故推荐A线引水方案。研究成果可为引水隧洞线路比选提供科学依据，对类似深埋长隧洞工程建设也具有参考价值。Abstract: A critical water diversion project may face serious water inrush problems during tunnel construction when it crosses the carbonate rock formations of Julongshan syncline.Characteristics of karst water flow system in Julongshan syncline were identified by multi-methods such as karst hydrogeological field survey, hydrochemistry and isotope analysis, to find out the hydrogeological conditions of water inrush into the tunnel and select one water diversion scheme with lower risk of karst water disaster.The results show that the aquifer system in Julongshan syncline has a multi-layer structure with an impermeable layer between two aquifers.The Lower Permian is mainly buried underground with weak karst development, while the Upper Triassic bare karst area forms a giant karst basin with multi-stage water flow system.Three tunnel plans were demonstrated in Julongshan syncline area.Plan A passes through the recharge area of the karst water system in the western syncline, in which the length of soluble rock the tunnel passes through is the lowest and all belong to buried karst.It avoids to cross the Triassic karst water basin in the profile, therefore the risk of water-gushing for Plan A is relatively low.However, Plan B and Plan C will cross the Triassic karst water basin with longer soluble rock section and the risk of suffering karst water-gushing is much higher.So, Plan A is recommended.This study can provide a scientific basis for comparison and selection of diversion tunnel line, and also has reference value for similar deep-buried long tunnel construction.
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Key words:
- deep-buried long tunnel /
- karst /
- water-gushing conditions /
- multi-stage water system /
- line comparison
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图 2 聚龙山向斜地区大气降水氢氧同位素组成特征(a)及与高程(b)的关系
Figure 2. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition (a) and the relationship with elevation (b) of atmospheric precipitation in the area of Julongshan syncline
图 3 聚龙山向斜多级地下水流系统剖面示意图
Figure 3. Profile diagram of the multi-stage groundwater flow system of Julongshan syncline
图 5 A线穿聚龙山向斜段水文地质剖面图
Figure 5. Hydrogeographic profile of the A line through the Julongshan syncline
图 6 B线聚龙山向斜汇水盆地水文地质剖面图
Figure 6. Hydrogeographic profile of the B line through the Julongshan syncline
图 7 C线聚龙山向斜水文地质剖面图
Figure 7. Hydrogeographic profile of the C line through the Julongshan syncline
表 1 水化学测试结果
Table 1. Hydrochemistry test results
编号 取样位置 高程/ m 流量/ (L·s-1) 温度/ ℃ TDS Cl- HCO3- SO42- Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ SICal SIDol δD/‰ δ18O/‰ 补给高程/m ρB/(mg·L-1) W1 聚龙山向斜西段 龙坪 1 132 2.5 12.9 151.00 6.06 244.00 14.06 76.26 0.45 1.24 0.64 0.32 -0.98 -52.84 -8.41 1 162 W2 龙坪深井 1 089 - 14.2 413.36 3.64 316.30 22.01 65.53 0.30 4.17 1.41 0.36 -2.23 -57.79 -8.82 1 303 W3 榔树岗泉 877 100 13.5 157.30 4.43 251.40 13.13 54.80 0.45 1.98 0.80 -0.16 -1.57 -53.54 -8.51 1 174 W4 何家冲泉 844 80 16.4 193.60 3.69 156.20 12.96 74.08 0.30 1.47 0.64 0.60 -0.27 -53.42 -8.49 1 165 W5 杜家冲 812 10 13.6 199.00 5.45 335.50 17.63 82.33 0.29 9.80 0.73 -0.15 -1.04 -50.13 -7.92 928 W6 阴坡台子 804 20 14.5 213.00 11.31 311.10 18.55 88.64 0.55 1.64 1.04 0.62 -0.29 -48.91 -7.74 853 W7 紫龙寺泉 775 100 16.3 206.80 4.84 324.00 16.32 74.93 0.42 2.71 0.68 -0.09 -1.40 -51.82 -8.15 1 024 W8 聚龙山向斜中段 漳河源 772 100 16.3 126.00 3.43 213.50 12.71 48.75 0.39 8.09 0.51 0.66 0.77 -52.75 -8.27 1 074 W9 星辰洞暗河 621 2 000 17.9 213.00 4.84 359.90 16.07 86.20 0.56 7.08 0.74 0.18 -0.47 -52.36 -8.27 1 074 W10 黑龙洞 445 100 22.0 226.00 3.41 142.80 20.86 97.25 0.34 5.14 0.40 0.04 -0.88 -51.25 -7.97 949 W11 甘溪暗河 395 1 000 14.1 189.20 4.31 79.30 14.75 68.55 0.49 5.08 0.59 -0.54 -2.01 -50.51 -7.99 957 W13 滴水岩 360 50 14.0 259.05 3.82 195.50 15.54 109.65 0.45 6.27 0.58 -0.09 -1.23 -52.38 -8.16 1 028 W15 仙鱼洞 353 2 000 15.4 189.00 4.14 193.40 15.08 73.52 0.48 7.91 0.59 -0.21 -1.18 -50.26 -7.78 870 W12 聚龙山向斜东段 西泉庙 377 500 16.5 369.05 3.71 378.20 19.85 93.91 0.40 9.23 0.57 1.97 3.20 -51.26 -7.77 865 W14 北庙泉 357 1 500 18.5 367.40 4.91 372.10 17.94 89.14 0.59 9.25 0.67 1.46 2.21 -50.89 -7.73 849 W16 千鱼泉 342 300 17.6 398.20 4.68 396.50 22.13 105.92 0.46 7.86 0.63 2.03 3.32 -50.41 -8.13 1 015 W17 十姑洞 332 800 18.4 355.85 4.51 414.80 23.82 108.11 0.44 6.10 0.62 0.93 0.87 -49.26 -7.80 878 W18 磨眼泉 330 360 17.8 396.00 4.24 396.50 20.68 98.85 0.41 9.79 0.59 1.92 3.11 -51.09 -7.81 882 W19 海洋泉 323 300 15.5 393.80 4.17 408.70 20.49 105.30 0.38 7.10 0.61 1.43 1.92 -50.02 -8.04 978 W20 小龙潭 296 100 16.1 379.50 3.79 390.40 24.98 96.26 0.26 9.42 0.58 1.57 2.36 -48.74 -7.73 849 W21 三眼泉 259 3 100 16.9 375.10 5.23 372.10 21.24 92.27 0.52 8.70 0.86 0.87 0.95 -49.38 -7.64 811 W22 骠马洞 252 300 15.8 188.00 4.49 305.00 19.73 74.25 0.46 7.82 0.68 -0.04 -2.3 -50.22 -8.06 986 W23 潮水洞 242 100 16.5 443.85 4.73 463.60 25.16 119.60 0.36 7.18 0.70 0.95 0.91 -50.21 -7.94 936 W24 响水洞 224 300 16.2 243.00 4.44 378.20 22.02 105.40 0.39 6.09 0.69 0.11 -0.22 -48.00 -7.84 895 W25 寨沟泉 214 100 16.8 261.00 3.97 433.10 25.29 122.77 0.30 2.73 0.70 0.11 -2.36 -49.48 -7.95 940 W26 上泉坪 211 360 17.5 412.50 3.71 427.00 24.45 101.03 0.35 11.29 0.66 1.03 1.36 -50.89 -7.96 945 注：SICal，SIDol分别为方解石、白云石矿物饱和指数 
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表 2 钻孔揭露局部深岩溶现象特征
Table 2. Characteristics of deep karst phenomenon revealed by drilling
钻孔编号 孔口高程/m 局部深岩溶下限高程/m 线路 描述 B1 696.55 76.75 B线 沿结构面溶蚀风化，局部呈1~2 cm缝状 B2 891.39 79.39 沿结构面溶蚀充泥 C1 380 104 C线 沿结构面溶蚀风化，附泥钙质 C2 348.45 108.45 蜂窝状溶蚀孔洞，孔洞宽2~5 mm C3 330 68.8 多沿结构面及方解石细脉溶蚀风化 C4 360 98 溶蚀晶孔较发育，呈蜂窝状 C5 544.4 -4 溶蚀孔洞，无充填，面附泥质
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表 3 聚龙山向斜区各线路方案岩溶水文地质比选
Table 3. A comparison of karst hydrogeology of the various routes in Julongshan syncline
比选指标 A线 B线 C线 穿越的构造部位 聚龙山向斜西段 聚龙山向斜中段 聚龙山向斜东段 可溶岩地层时代 P1q+m P1q+m、T1d+j P1q+m、T1d+j 可溶岩段长度/km 2.45 30.85 40.44 埋藏型岩溶长度/km及占比/% 2.45/100 4.60/14.91 2.44/6.03 裸露型岩溶长度/km及占比/% 0/0 26.25/85.09 38.00/93.97 隧洞埋藏深度/m 900~1 100 500~1 100 200~500 岩溶水系统部位 平面 补给区 径流区 径流-排泄区 剖面 深部循环带 深部循环带 浅部循环带 围岩含水介质类型 裂隙 裂隙-溶隙 溶隙-管道 水害风险 低 高 高
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