Characteristics of karst groundwater flow systems of typical faulted basins in Yimeng Mountain area: A case study of Laiwu Basin
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摘要: 2011年以来，中国地质调查局在沂蒙山区组织实施了1：5万标准图幅水文地质调查4万余km2，并在严重缺水村镇开展了大量的找水打井示范工作，获得了较为丰富的地质数据，对断陷盆地地下水流系统取得了新认识。受中新生代构造影响，沂蒙山区发生断裂褶皱、伸展滑脱及岩浆侵入活动，形成一系列"南超覆北断陷"的地堑-半地堑盆地，并最终形成现今典型的"盆-山"岩溶水文地质结构，及以盆地为单元的相对独立的岩溶地下水流系统。为研究沂蒙山区地下水流系统发育特征，选择莱芜盆地为典型研究区，基于野外地质调查，通过综合分析盆地南北两侧地貌单元、含水岩组立体空间分布及地下水水位、水化学及同位素结果等，探讨了沂蒙山区典型"盆-山"结构塑造的多级岩溶地下水流系统特征。结果表明，莱芜盆地岩溶地下水由盆地外围向盆地中心呈"向心式"径流；受人类活动影响、地质构造控制和含水层分布制约，盆地南北两侧地下水流系统特征存在差异：盆地南部发育中间和局部两级地下水流系统；盆地北部则仅发育单一的局部地下水流系统，但占有已勘查论证的近1/2的地下水水源地。此外，研究发现在大汶河最低侵蚀基准面，区域滑脱构造及热液混合作用拆离的空隙，与岩层面、层间裂隙、顺层溶蚀空隙等共同构成立体的岩溶地下水网络，影响着岩溶水循环途径及深度。以此认识为指导，实施的探采结合井成井率达到86%，强化了地下水流系统理论在北方基岩山区水文地质工作中理论与实践的结合。Abstract: China Geological Survey has organized and implemented 1:50 000 standard map hydrogeological survey with an area of more than 40000 square kilometers in Yimeng Mountain area. And it carried out a large amount of water prospecting and well drilling demonstration work in villages and towns with serious water shortage, obtained rich geological data and gained a new understanding of groundwater flow systems. Under the influence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic structures, the faults and folds, extensional detachment and magmatic intrusion occurred in Yimeng Mountain area, formed a series of graben-semi graben basins characterized by overlapping in the south and faulting in the north, and finally formed today's typical "basin-mountain" karst hydrogeological structure and the relatively independent karst groundwater system, which taking basin as unit. In order to study the development characteristics of groundwater flow system in Yimeng Mountain area, Laiwu Basin was selected as a typical study area. On the basis of the field geological survey, through comprehensively analyze the geomorphic units, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of water bearing rock groups, groundwater level, hydrochemistry, and water isotope results on the north and south sides of the basin, this paper comprehensively discusses the characteristics of multistage karst groundwater flow systems with typical "basin-mountain" structure in Yimeng Mountain area. The results show that, the karst groundwater in Laiwu Basin presents a "centripetal" runoff from the outer periphery to the center of the basin. Affected by human activities, controlled by geological structure and aquifer distribution, the characteristics of groundwater flow systems between the north and south sides of the basin are different. There are mainly intermediate and local groundwater flow systems in the south of the basin, while a single local groundwater flow system is developed in the north of the basin, however, it occupies nearly 1/2 of the groundwater sources that have been explored and demonstrated. In addition, it is found that at the lowest erosion base level of Dawen River, the voids separated by regional detachment structure and hydrothermal mixing, together with rock layer, interlayer fissures and bedding dissolution voids, form a three-dimensional karst groundwater network, which influence the circulation path and depth of karst water. Guided by this understanding, the completion rate of exploration production combined wells has reached 86%, which strengthens the combination of theory and practice of groundwater flow system theory in hydrogeological work in bedrock mountainous areas in North China.
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图 1 研究区构造及水文地质图
F1.大王庄-铜冶店断裂; F2.泰安-口镇断裂; F3.石门官庄-沙王庄断裂; F4.文祖断裂; F5.博山断裂; F6.新泰-垛庄断裂; F7.徂徕山断裂; F8.汶口断裂; F9.南留断裂; F10.夏张断裂; F11.肥城断裂。①矿山岩体; ②角峪岩体; ③金牛山岩体; ④铁铜沟岩
Figure 1. Tectonics and hydrogeological map of the study area
图 2 莱芜盆地及周边水文地质结构图
Figure 2. Hydrogeological structure of Laiwu Basin and its surroundings
图 4 莱芜盆地南北两侧地下水系统
Figure 4. Groundwater flow systems on the north and south sides of Laiwu Basin
图 5 郭娘泉-牛王泉泉域地下水流系统
Figure 5. Groundwater flow systems in Guoniangquan-Niuwangquan spring area
图 6 盆地南部中间水流系统溶蚀发育特征
O2-3M.马家沟群厚层-块状灰岩；E2-3d.大汶口粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩；K1δ.闪长岩
Figure 6. Dissolution development characteristics of middle flow system in southern basin
图 7 谷家台矿区大理岩溶洞分布与矿体距离关系图(据文献[35])
Figure 7. Relation diagram of distance between marble karst caves and Oredeposits in Gujiatai Orefield
图 8 莱芜盆地南(a)、北(b)两侧地下水δD和δ18O的散点关系图
Figure 8. Scatter diagram between δD and δ18O of groundwater in north and south of Laiwu Basin
图 9 留送村ZK04钻孔所处地下水流系统位置图
∈2-3m.馒头组薄板状灰岩；∈3z.张夏组鲕粒灰岩；∈4c.炒米店组竹叶状灰岩
Figure 9. Location of groundwater flow systems at ZK04 borehole in Liusong Village
表 1 研究区各含水岩组碳酸盐岩化学组分测试数据
Table 1. Chemical component content test data of each water bearing rock formation in the study area
含水岩组 岩性 CaO MgO 折算CaCO3 折算MgCO3 可溶组分平均值 样品个数 φB/% 马家沟群(O2-3M) 厚层-块状灰岩 46.76 4.29 83.50 9.00 90.74 17 三山子组(O1s) 厚层白云岩 32.83 16.47 58.62 34.59 93.21 16 炒米店组(∈4O1c) 竹叶状灰岩 43.57 6.08 77.80 12.76 90.56 11 崮山组(∈3-4g) 瘤状灰岩 39.29 2.34 70.15 4.70 74.85 7 张夏组(∈3z) 鲕粒灰岩 46.21 3.26 82.52 6.85 81.72 15 馒头组(∈2-3m) 薄板状灰岩 32.08 5.75 57.29 12.08 69.37 12 朱砂洞组(∈2zd) 燧石条带白云岩 40.57 7.91 72.45 16.61 89.06 7 
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