Plateau tectonic karst development characteristics and underground conduits identification in the northern part of Kangding
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摘要: 受自然环境和技术方法制约,青藏高原岩溶发育演化和岩溶地下水循环特征研究相对薄弱,制约了青藏高原碳酸盐岩区的经济发展、民生设施建设和地质灾害防治。通过野外地质测量,岩溶地下水、地表水和大气降水水化学和同位素特征分析,泉水流量动态,水均衡计算和物探等技术方法,系统分析了四川省康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布区的岩溶发育特征,识别了岩溶径流通道和岩溶大泉主要补给来源。结果表明:康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布于高山峡谷地貌类型区,可溶岩地层分布、岩溶发育程度和岩溶水补给、径流、排泄均受构造控制,可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带和活动断裂附近的岩溶发育程度较强。岩溶水呈管道流径流,主要以岩溶大泉形式集中排泄,泉流量约1.5×104 m3/d且动态较为稳定。通过水文地质条件分析,识别出研究区存在通化组岩溶水径流带和雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带。水化学-同位素数据、岩溶泉流量动态和水均衡计算结果显示,雅拉河河水是岩溶大泉的主要补给源,岩溶地下水主要沿雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带径流并集中排泄。Abstract: Restricted by the natural environment and technical methods, the study on the evolution characteristics of karst development and the karst groundwater cycle process in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is relatively weak, which restricts the economic development, construction of livelihood facilities and the prevention and control of geological disasters.This paper systematically analyzes the karst development characteristics of the carbonate rock distribution area in the northern part of Kangding in Sichuan Province through the methods of geological survey, chemistry-isotope characteristics analysis of karst groundwater, surface water and precipitation water, spring water flow dynamics and water balance calculations.And the karst runoff zone was identified.The results show that the carbonate rocks in the northern part of Kangding are distributed in the alpine valley area.The distribution of karst strata, the degree of karst development, karst water supply and runoff are mainly controlled by structures.The degree of karst development on the contact zone of soluble and non-soluble rocks and the vicinity of active faults is relatively strong.The karst water flows as pipeline runoff, which is mainly discharged in the form of karst springs.The spring flow is about 1.5×104 m3/d and the flow dynamics are relatively stable.Through the analysis of hydrogeological conditions, the karst water runoff zone of the Tonghua Formation and the karst water runoff zone of the Yala River fault have been identified.Hydrochemistry-isotopic data, karst spring flow dynamics and water balance calculation results show that Yala River water is the main source of replenishment for large karst springs.Karst groundwater mainly flows downstream along the karst water runoff zone of the Yala River fault and is discharged in a concentrated manner.
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图 5 瞬变电磁法物探剖面图(剖面位置见图 1)
Figure 5. Geophysical profile of transient electromagnetic
图 8 水样δD和δ18O关系图(GMWL,Global Meteoric Water Line,全球大气降水线;LMWL,Local Meteoric Water Line,区域大气降水线,引自文献[30])
Figure 8. Relation diagram of δD versus δ18O of water samples
表 1 研究区主要地层岩性
Table 1. Stratigraphic lithology in the study area
地层年代 群组 代号 厚度/m 岩性 全新统 Q4 0~40 崩坡积、冲洪积砂砾石、含砾砂泥层 二叠系 大石包组 P3d 472~2 451 炭质板岩、中-基性火山碎屑岩 三道桥组 P2s 76 含泥质结晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩,中下部夹含砾石英砂岩、板岩 石炭系 雪宝顶组 DCx 40~148 下部为片理化硅质结晶灰岩,上部为结晶灰岩与砂质结晶灰岩互层 泥盆系 危关组 Dw 600~4 898 下部以炭硅质板岩为主,上部以粉砂质板岩为主,夹结晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩 志留系 茂县群 SM 432 下部为绢云千枚岩,中上部为白云岩 通化组 St2-3 500~2 000 结晶灰岩、泥质条带结晶灰岩、大理岩 通化组 St1 113~581 二云片岩、黑云片岩为主,夹炭质板岩、大理岩 震旦系 水晶组 Z2s 107~1 115 白云岩、白云质大理岩、结晶灰岩 蜈蚣口组 Z2w 35~364 千枚岩、石英岩、凝灰质砂岩,夹少量白云岩、白云质灰岩 康定杂岩体 花岗岩、角闪岩、闪长岩等 表 2 研究区岩溶泉出露高程与流量(2021年5月)
Table 2. Altitude and flow rate(in May, 2021) of karst springs in the study area
编号 出露高程/m 流量/(m3·d-1) PM01 2 455 3 939.8 PM02 2 450 10 558.1 PM10 3 920 5.0 PM11 3 522 5.5 PM27 2 528 190.1 PM29 2 478 43.2 PM33 2 471 34.3 SNC 3 080 60.5 表 3 水化学与同位素测试结果
Table 3. Test results of hydrochemical components and isotopes
水体类型 数据项 水化学指标* 同位素指标 K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- TDS pH δ2H/‰ δ18O/‰ ρB/(mg·L-1) 岩溶泉 最大值 3.02 9.72 76.32 23.13 2.44 85.46 237.50 319.00 8.45 -101.00 -14.20 最小值 0.21 0.79 30.88 6.55 1.74 4.34 118.50 133.00 7.14 -115.00 -15.90 平均值 1.15 3.71 46.01 13.42 1.89 32.80 169.18 193.19 7.68 -107.13 -14.95 温泉** 最大值 30.30 316.00 267.80 49.40 75.60 116.50 1 202.00 1 299.00 7.50 -113.00 -14.30 最小值 14.80 144.80 20.50 1.40 45.41 1.60 403.00 440.00 6.40 平均值 22.17 214.28 77.17 19.71 57.24 45.73 753.43 788.17 6.87 地表水 最大值 1.94 10.60 43.60 6.79 2.79 57.39 123.80 175.10 7.62 -89.00 -12.80 最小值 0.03 0.06 1.13 0.24 0.05 0.08 1.16 37.62 7.12 -113.00 -15.70 平均值 1.00 4.43 20.21 3.96 1.58 14.93 74.17 106.29 7.37 -106.67 -14.92 雨水 0.26 0.20 1.21 < 0.013 1.75 1.61 11.96 13.54 6.42 -71.00 -10.40 积雪 0.93 3.18 8.89 1.17 6.01 1.57 30.80 40.00 6.86 -116.00 -15.80 注:: *, ** 统计了文献[29]测试数据 表 4 大气降水入渗补给量计算结果
Table 4. Calculationresult of replenishment of atmospheric precipitation infiltration
计算单元 地表水分水岭与地下水分水岭一致 地表水分水岭与地下水分水岭不一致 面积/km2 降水量/mm 入渗系数 补给量/(m3·d-1) 面积/km2 降水量/mm 入渗系数 补给量/(m3·d-1) St3分布区 2.84 850.8 0.10 662 5.43 850.8 0.10 1 266 St2分布区 5.75 850.8 0.25 3 351 10.10 850.8 0.25 5 874 St1分布区 2.40 850.8 0.03 168 3.88 850.8 0.03 271 Z2s分布区 3.40 850.8 0.20 1 585 3.92 850.8 0.20 1 827 总计 - 5 766 - 9 239 -
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