乌蒙山地区岩溶地下水流系统结构及其找水应用

郭蕾蕾; 魏良帅; 黄安邦; 舒勤峰

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0025

乌蒙山地区岩溶地下水流系统结构及其找水应用

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0025

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 DD20160287

详细信息

作者简介:
郭蕾蕾(1992-), 女, 讲师, 主要从事水文地质、环境地质研究工作。E-mail: guoleilei0701@163.com

通讯作者:
魏良帅(1979-), 男, 高级工程师, 主要从事环境工程地质、工程水文地质研究工作。E-mail: 53831087@qq.com

中图分类号: P641
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- 文章访问数: 648
- PDF下载量: 51
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-10-25
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-02

Structure of karst groundwater system and its water exploration in Wumeng Mountain area

摘要

摘要: 为推动乌蒙山贫困缺水区生态环境建设、地下水资源合理利用，以昭通市作为重点调查区，基于地质调查、泉流量统计、水质检测，展开岩溶地下水富集规律及物探找水方法的研究。结果表明：①研究区岩溶地下水系统以条带岭谷型、埋藏型为主。条带岭谷型岩溶地下水系统以现代岩溶为主，目标含水层多、发育深度有限、岩溶发育及富水程度差异大，富水块段为背斜核部及两翼、向斜核部、断层影响带；埋藏型岩溶地下水系统以古岩溶为主，目标含水层单一、发育深度较深且极不均匀，富水块段为断陷谷盆埋藏的古岩溶。②地下水化学类型以HCO₃型、HCO₃·SO₄型为主，条带岭谷型、埋藏型岩溶水分别占96.73%，92.93%，水质总体较好，综合水质评价Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水占比分别为80.84%，64.41%。③建议对>50 L/s大泉进行提引、丰储冬用，对富水块段进行综合物探探测和钻探验证的方法找水。④综合物探找水方法：先通过高密度电法、联合剖面法查明岩溶破碎带及断层，再激电测深确定极化率高的含水层，最后综合测井和钻孔揭露确定具体出水段及涌水量，找水成功率为86.67%，适用于条带岭谷型及浅埋岩溶地下水。
- 岩溶地下水系统 /
- 条带岭谷 /
- 富水块段 /
- 物探 /
- 找水
Abstract: The Wumeng Mountain Contiguous Zone in China always suffers from deficiency of groundwater resources.The Zhaotong area of Yunnan Provience belongs to the Wumeng Mountain area, which was the key area.We carried out geological survey, spring flow statistics and water quality evaluation in karst stratum.The strip karst area, which always located in ridge-valley area, with many target aquifers, karst shallow.Groundwater was concentrated in the core of anticlinoria and both wings, the core of syncline and fault zone.The buried karst water mainly concentrated in the paleo-karst stratum in Zhaolu fault basin, and covered below Tertiary system.Most chemical type of groundwater was determined as HCO₃ and HCO₃·SO₄ type.The strip and buried karst water account for 96.73% and 92.93% respectively.The comprehensive water quality evaluation results of 80.84% simple analysis and 64.41% total analysis were classified as Ⅰ-Ⅲ.We suggest that large flow springs more than 50 L/s should be extracted, diverted and stored for winter use.Combined with geophysical exploration and drilling verification, the target aquifer was more successfully found in water-rich section of strip and shallow buried karst areas.Firstly, the high-density electrical method and combined profile method were conducted to find out the karst fracture zone and fault.Then, the IP sounding was set to explore the depth of the aquifer with high polarizability.Finally, the water supply segment and water inflow were determined by comprehensive logging and drilling.The rate of successfully extracting water was 86.67%.Then, we could recommend the well location.
- karst groundwater system /
- strip karst of ridge-valley area /
- water-rich segment /
- geophysical exploration /
- groundwater exploration

HTML全文

图 1 研究区位置及碳酸盐岩水文地质简图

C.石炭系; D.泥盆系; S.志留系; O.奥陶系; ∈.寒武系；T₂g.关岭组；T₁y.永宁镇组；P₁q+m.栖霞茅口组；下同

Figure 1. Location of the study area and hydrogeological sketch of karst areas

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图 2 条带岭谷单斜型岩溶地下水系统富水特征

Figure 2. Water-rich characteristics of monoclinic strip karst groundwater system in ridge-valley

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图 3 条带岭谷背斜型岩溶地下水系统富水特征

Figure 3. Water-rich characteristics of anticline strip karst groundwater system in ridge-valley area

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图 4 条带岭谷向斜型岩溶地下水系统富水特征

Figure 4. Water-rich characteristics of syncline strip karst groundwater system in ridge-valley area

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图 5 昭通盆地埋藏型岩溶地下水系统富水特征(20万区域钻孔资料)

Figure 5. Water-rich characteristics of buried karst groundwater system in Zhaotong Basin

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图 6 碳酸盐岩区地下水出露特征

Figure 6. Features of springs in the karst area

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图 7 碳酸盐岩区富水块段分布与物探布置

Figure 7. Distribution of water-rich segment and geophysical exploration layout of karst area

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图 8 埋藏型岩溶区ZK03物探及综合测井成果图(Ⅳ₃)

Figure 8. Result map of ZK03 geophysical prospecting and comprehensive logging in buried karst area(Ⅳ₃)

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表 1 条带岭谷型岩溶地下水系统泉点流量特征

Table 1. Characteristics of spring water flow in the strip ridge-valley karst area

泉点类型	地层	个数	最小值	最大值	总和	平均值	标准偏差	变异系数
泉点类型	地层	个数	流量Q/(L·s^-1)				标准偏差	变异系数
暗河、岩溶大泉、裂隙-岩溶泉	P₁q+m	184	0.010	390.00	1 738.96	9.45	43.28	1 872.94
	T_1-2	64	0.004	116.50	489.08	7.64	18.36	337.07
	C	95	0.010	500.00	628.47	6.62	51.40	2 642.08
裂隙-岩溶泉	∈_2-3	16	0.100	18.00	33.81	2.11	4.31	18.56
裂隙-岩溶泉	O	36	0.004	17.00	71.60	1.99	3.56	12.71
裂隙-岩溶泉、裂隙泉	D	164	0.010	45.94	266.71	1.63	5.54	30.70
	S	121	0.010	18.50	143.67	1.19	2.40	5.77
	∈₁	13	0.100	1.80	7.45	0.57	0.48	0.23

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表 2 条带岭谷型岩溶地下水系统水化学类型数量统计

Table 2. Statistics of chemical types of groundwater in the strip ridge-valley karst area

水化学类型		Ca²⁺	Ca²⁺· Mg²⁺	Na⁺·Ca²⁺	Na⁺	合计
洒渔河地下水系统	HCO₃^-	6	22	/	/	28
	HCO₃^-·SO₄^2-	1	3	/	/	4
	SO₄^2-	/	3	/	/	3
洛泽河地下水系统	HCO₃^-	45	47	/	/	92
	HCO₃^-·SO₄^2-	24	29	16	/	69
	SO₄^2-	/	10	/	/	10
白水江地下水系统	HCO₃^-	42	18	/	/	60
	HCO₃^-·SO₄^2-	19	19	42	23	103
	SO₄^2-	6	2	1	29	38

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表 3 条带岭谷型岩溶地下水质量分级统计

Table 3. Statistics of groundwater quality classification in the strip ridge-valley karst area

水质分析类型	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ
简分析/组	37	110	71	24	30
占比/%	13.6	40.44	26.10	8.82	11.03
全分析/组	/	51	65	31	32
占比/%	/	28.49	36.31	17.32	17.88

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表 4 埋藏型岩溶地下水系统钻井统计

Table 4. Statistics of drilling of groundwater system in the buried karst area

地下水系统	钻井编号	深度/ m	涌水量/ (m³·d^-1)	自流量/ (L·s^-1)	温度/ ℃
洒渔河(干流) 地下水系统(①₁)	J1	182	630	/	/
洒渔河(干流) 地下水系统(①₁)	J2	/	/	10	/
昭鲁大河地下水系统(①₃)	J3	131	/	1.7	28.00
	J4	300	812	/	34.00
	J5	187	2 074	/	38.20
	J6	89	1 144	/	33.00
	J7	150	450	/	12.8
	J8	325	/	/	/

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表 5 不同岩溶地下水流系统富水特征及利用方式建议

Table 5. Characteristics of different karst groundwater flow systems and suggested utilization patterns

地下水系统类型	富水结构		富水性	富水块段	利用方式	富水块段
条带岭谷型	单斜横向谷	河谷排泄型	水量丰富，泉流量大	河谷区	提引、丰储冬用	Ⅰ₄、Ⅰ₇、Ⅰ₉
		洼地潜埋型	水量丰富	地势低洼处	探采结合	Ⅰ₅、Ⅰ₈
		断层阻水型	水量丰富	地下水上游侧	探采结合	Ⅰ_1-2
	单斜纵向谷	倾向运移型	水量较小	地势低洼处	探采结合	Ⅰ₃
	单斜纵向谷	断层阻水型	水量随地势降低而增大	断层带	探采结合	Ⅰ₆
	背斜型	背斜山地型	动态变化较大	背斜两翼	探采结合	Ⅱ_1-3
		倾伏背斜型	动态变化较大	地势低的一翼	探采结合	Ⅱ₆
		背斜谷地型	水量大且动态稳定	核部峡谷区	提引、丰储冬用	Ⅱ₄、Ⅱ₅、Ⅱ_7-9、Ⅱ_11-12、Ⅰ₁₄
		背斜谷地型	水量大且动态稳定	核部峡谷区	引提为主、探采结合	Ⅱ₁₀、Ⅱ₁₃
	向斜型	向斜山地型	动态变化较大	向斜核部、两翼	探采结合	Ⅲ₁
		谷地承压型	水量丰富，泉流量大	向斜核部	提引、丰储冬用	Ⅲ₅
		谷地承压型	水量丰富，泉流量大	向斜核部	引提为主、探采结合	Ⅲ_2-4
埋藏型	/	/	水量丰富	昭鲁盆地区	钻井开采	Ⅳ_1-3

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表 6 研究区岩溶山区各地层视电阻率和极化率统计

Table 6. Statistics of resistivity and polarizability of every stratum in karst area

岩土名称	视电阻率		极化率
岩土名称	变化范围ρ/(Ω·m)	常见值ρ/ (100Ω·m)	变化范围η/%	常见值η/%
黏土	30~60	0.45	0.2~0.4	0.3
粉砂层	10~20	0.15	1.0~13.0	7.0
卵砾石层	50~150	1.00	0.6~1.0	0.8
钙质粉砂岩	200~600	3.50	0.6~1.0	0.8
T₁y、P₁m灰岩(完整)	300~1 000	15.00	0.5~1.1	0.8
P₁q灰岩(完整)	600~4 000	15.00	0.5~1.1	0.8
溶蚀破碎带	60~600	2.00	1.2~4.2	2.2
白云岩	300~1 000	6.00	0.4~1.2	0.8
页岩	20~400	2.00	0.3~0.7	0.4
泥灰岩	30~150	0.90	0.5~0.8	0.7

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表 7 研究区钻孔涌水量、水质及综合测井试验结果

Table 7. Water inflow, water quality and comprehensive logging test results in the study area

钻孔编号	含水层	进尺深度/m	静水位埋深/m	碳酸盐岩段/m	综合测井推测出水段/m	单井涌水量/ (m³·d^-1)	水质综合评价分类	超标因子
ZK01	P₁q+m	150.10	107.8	12.8~150.1	15~20	50.6	4	亚硝酸盐
ZK03	P₁q+m	150.10	24.8	0.3~82.3	91.4~134.65	388.9	4	浑浊度
ZK04	P1q+m	198.20	干孔	27.0~198.2	/	/	/	/
ZK07	P₁q+m	150.31	12.4	9.0~150.31	14.1~29.6 96.1~106.1	720	1	/
ZK08	T₁y	150.2	75.1	27.18~150.2	27.8~50.0	124.2	1
ZK09	P₁q+m	150.57	99.85	22.7~150.57	100~130	51.4	2	/
ZK10	C	70.40	44.5	14.1~70.4	56.3~69.3	131.2	4	氨氮超标
ZK11	P₁q+m	150.00	47.4	1.1~118.76	49.97~52.67 62.21~65.62 74.33~76.77	40	4	大肠杆菌、菌落总数、高锰酸盐
ZK12	T₁y	150.00	56.1	3.0~150.0	107.30~127.30	4.32	5	硝酸盐、硫酸盐
ZK13	P₁q+m	150.00	67.45	15.5~150.0	64.0~79.4	58.8	4	硫酸盐超标
ZK15	C	102.42	0	5.02~102.4	5.02~55.16 78.12~102.4	82.512	4	pH、铁、铅
ZK17	S	160.40	18.8	15.8~160.4	36.32~160.4	102.99	4	铬、铅、铁、锌
ZK18	D	192.50	干孔	65.28~192.5	/	/	/	/
ZK19	P₁q+m	168.80	111.2	28.5~168.8	140.0~152.0	20.8	2	/
ZK20	P₁q+m	133.70	95.73	35.2~133.7	106.70~120.30	131.23	2	/
注：水质评价结果依据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)从劣不从优原则评价

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