Lumped cluster analysis for understanding spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater geochemistry and hierarchically nested flow systems
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摘要: 水文地球化学是识别地下水流系统的重要方法，然而区域尺度上多级嵌套地下水流系统的复杂性使地下水化学组成的分析和解释难度增加。以鄂尔多斯北部盆地湖泊集中区典型的胡同察汗淖地下水流系统为例，基于丰水期和枯水期3个期次不同深度地下水样品的物理化学数据，应用时空聚类与主成分分析方法，揭示地下水化学组成的空间分布特征、变化规律及其作用机制，分析水化学时空聚类结果对多级嵌套地下水流系统划分的可行性。该聚类结果将地下水样品分为3类，其中C1为以Na-HCO3型为主的深层地下水，具有偏负的氢氧同位素组成（δD < -70‰，δ18O < -9‰）和极低浓度的NO3-；C2为Ca-HCO3为主的浅层地下水，具有偏正的氢氧同位素组成（δD > -70‰，δ18O > -9‰）和高浓度的NO3-；而C3呈无优势阳离子、δD和δ18O变化范围大且显著线性相关等深、浅地下水混合特征。呈南北条带分布在苏贝淖-胡同察汗淖排泄区的C2和部分C3水化学组成有一定的季节变化。研究验证了研究区受地形和湖泊排泄控制的浅层局部和深层区域地下水流系统的空间分布，识别了苏贝淖-胡同察汗淖排泄区受浅循环和深循环共同影响的强烈作用带，证明了水化学时空聚类方法识别多级嵌套地下水流系统的可行性。
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关键词:
- 多级嵌套地下水流系统 /
- 聚类分析 /
- 水化学 /
- 季节变化
Abstract: Hydrogeochemical tracing is an important tool to identify groundwater flow systems.However, the complexity of regional hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems makes it more difficult to explain chemical compositions of groundwater.This study takes the Hutongchahan groundwater flow system in the lakes-controlling discharge area in the northern Ordos Basin as a typical example, and applies a cluster and principal component analysis to explore the hydrochemical data of groundwater sampled from different depths in both dry and wet seasons, aimed to reveal spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater chemistry and its controlling mechanism and to examine the reliability of identification of hierarchically nested groundwater flow systems.The groundwater samples were classified into three clusters.The C1 is the deep groundwater characterized by Na-HCO3 type, more negative δD(<-70‰) and δ18O(<-9‰) and little NO3- concentration, whereas the C2 is the shallow groundwater characterized by Ca-HCO3, more positive δD(>-70‰) and δ18O(>-9‰) and high NO3- concentration.The C3 is characterized by mixing of deep and shallow groundwater, with no dominant cations, δD and δ18O having wide range but significant linear correlation.The groundwater samples of C2 and part of the C3, which are mainly distributed along the north-south strip in the Subei-Hutongchahan lake drainage area, showed seasonal variations in chemical compositions.This study verified the spatial distribution of the shallow local and deep regional groundwater flow system controlled by the topography and lake discharge, and identified the Subei-Hutongchahan drainage area as the zone influenced by shallow and deep circulation.The lumped cluster analysis is proved as an effective method to understand spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater geochemistry and hierarchically nested flow systems. -
图 1 研究区地形高程图(a)和地下水等水位线图(b)及剖面A-B地下水流系统示意图(c)
Figure 1. Topographic elevation map(a), groundwater table contours map(b), and cross-section with speculated flow directions indicating groundwater flow systems(c) in the study area
图 3 聚类树状图(a)与分类群组化学组成的Stiff图(b)
Figure 3. Clustered dendrogram (a) and stiff diagram of the chemical composition of clusters (b)
图 6 聚类群组C1、C2和C3地下水主要物理化学指标箱式图
注: 箱图中o代表样本数据中大于1.5倍四分位数间距的异常值; *代表样本数据中大于3倍四分位数间距的极端值
Figure 6. Box plots of the main physicochemical indicators of groundwater in C1, C2 and C3
图 7 C1地下水阳离子交换作用[(Ca2++Mg2+)-(HCO3-+SO42-)]和[Na++K+-Cl-]毫克当量关系图(a)以及氯碱指数CAI-2和CAI-1关系图(b)
Figure 7. Bivariate diagrams for cation exchange of groundwater in C1, relationships between [(Ca2++Mg2+)-(HCO3-+SO42-)] and [Na++K+-Cl-](a), CAI-2 and CAI-1(b)
图 8 研究区地下水样品的氢氧同位素组成关系图
Figure 8. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of groundwater samples in the study area
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