Characteristics and genesis of karst water flow system around Huangling anticline
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摘要: 岩溶水流系统特征研究有助于地下水资源的合理评价和开发利用。借鉴水文学的研究方法，统计并量化了典型岩溶水流系统的空间特征以及其水文动态响应、温度场和电导率特征。划分了扇状、树枝状、平行状、梳状4种地下水系来综合反映岩溶水流系统的地表-地下岩溶特征，前两者主管道垂直于地层走向，构造裂隙起汇水作用，后两者主管道平行于地层走向，层面裂隙起汇水作用。黄陵穹隆西北翼、西翼和南翼以平行状和树枝状为主，东翼和北翼则以扇状水系和平行状水系为主。不同地下水系结构的形成及区域差异与含水系统和水系的空间关系和级次性密切相关，并表现出不同的动态特征。扇状和平行状岩溶水流系统对降雨响应最为敏感，而梳状水系岩溶水流系统响应和衰减过程最慢；基于岩溶地下水温度与出露高程和循环深度显著相关的关系建立了鄂西山区地下水温度线。这一基础性研究可为岩溶地下水流系统研究和当地工程实践提供一定的理论支持。Abstract: The study of the karst water flow system is helpful for the reasonable evaluation and utilization of groundwater resources.In this paper, the spatial characteristics, hydrological dynamic response, temperature field, and conductivity characteristics of the typical karst water flow system were calculated and quantified by referring to the methods of hydrology research.Four groundwater systems, i.e., fan-shaped, branch-shaped, flat-shaped, and comb-shaped, were divided to comprehensively reflect the surface-underground karst characteristics of the karst flow system.The main pipelines of the first two are perpendicular to the stratigraphic trend, and the structural fractures play a role in catching water.The main pipelines of the latter two are parallel to the stratigraphic trend, and the horizontal fractures play a role in collecting water.The northwest, west, and south wings of the Huangling anticline are branch-shaped and flat-shaped, while the east and north wings are fan-shaped and flat-shaped water systems.The formation and regional differences of different groundwater systems are closely related to the spatial relationship and hierarchy of aquifer systems and water systems which show different dynamic characteristics.The fan-shaped and flat-shaped karst flow system are the most sensitive to rainfall response, while the comb-shaped karst flow system has the slowest response and attenuation process.Based on the obvious correlation between karst groundwater temperature and exposed elevation and circulation depth, the groundwater temperature line in the mountainous area of western Hubei province is established.This study could provide certain theoretical support for karst groundwater flow system research and local engineering practice.
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图 1 黄陵穹隆周缘水系和构造特征
Figure 1. Water system and structural characteristics of the Huangling anticline
图 4 4种不同的岩溶地下水系结构形态及与地层产状和河流流向的示意图
a.扇状水系; b.梳状水系; c.平行状水系; d.树枝状水系
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of four different karst groundwater systems and their relationship with stratigraphic occurrence and river flow
图 5 研究区岩溶水流系统的统计特征
a~d.分别是黄陵穹隆周缘不同部位岩溶水流系统的面积、径流模数、水力坡降、循环深度的统计特征；e、f分别是不同地下水系特征的径流模数和平面形态的统计特征
Figure 5. Statistical characteristics of karst water flow system in the study area
图 6 不同岩溶水流系统渗流场特征
A.白龙洞扇状岩溶水流系统; B.酒斟子梳状岩溶水流系统; C.鱼泉洞平行状岩溶水流系统; D.响龙洞树枝状岩溶水流系统
Figure 6. Seepage field characteristics of different karst water flow systems
图 7 研究区地下水多年平均温度及影响因素统计特征
a.不同地下水系的岩溶水系统温度与电导率的统计规律；b.研究区国家气象站多年平均温度与海拔的统计规律；c.综合体现了研究区地下水温度与出露高程和循环深度三者间的关系
Figure 7. Statistical characteristics of multi-year average groundwater temperature and factors in the study area
图 8 研究区水流系统电导率的统计特征
a.电导率与水温关系; b.水力坡降与电导率关系; c.电导率与流量关系
Figure 8. Statistical characteristics of electrical conductivity of water flow system in the study area
表 1 研究区含水系统划分结果
Table 1. Division result of aquifer system in the study area
一级 二级 三级 地层 厚度/m ZQ松散岩类孔隙含水系统Ⅰ Q < 10 岩溶含水系统Ⅱ 震旦系岩溶含水系统 Z 515 下寒武统岩溶含水系统 ∈1s2 180 中寒武统-奥陶系岩溶含水系统 寒武系天河板组-覃家庙组岩溶含水系统 ∈1t-∈2q 440 寒武系娄山关组-奥陶系红花园组岩溶含水系统 ∈2O1l、O1h 303~583 奥陶系牯牛谭组-宝塔组岩溶含水系统 O2g-O2-3b 72 二叠系-三叠系岩溶含水系统 二叠系岩溶含水系统 P 363 三叠系岩溶含水系统 T 1 242~1 297 基岩风化裂隙含水系统Ⅲ 碎屑岩孔隙裂隙水含水系统 J、K 岩浆岩变质岩风化裂隙含水系统 Pt2m、Pt2x、Pt2g 
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表 2 黄陵穹隆周缘典型岩溶水流系统特征统计
Table 2. Statistics of characteristics of typical karst water flow system around Huangling anticline
部位 岩溶水流
系统名类型 流量/
(L·s-1)水温/
℃电导率/
(μs·cm-1)面积/
km2地层
代号地层倾
角/(°)径流模数/
(L·s-1·km-2)平面形态 长宽比 补给区最
高点/m平均补给
高度/m出口高
度/m高差/
m水力
坡降地下水流
方向/(°)西北翼 黑龙泉 岩溶大泉 57 15.50 309 16.50 ∈ 19 3.45 平行状水系 3.36 1 402 850 550 852 0.11 158 白龙泉 岩溶大泉 60 15.30 343 9.30 ∈ 23 6.45 平行状水系 3.50 960 900 587 373 0.07 160 雾龙洞 岩溶大泉 51 13.70 319 8.70 ∈ 19 5.86 平行状水系 4.93 1 560 1 150 600 960 0.13 166 云龙洞 地下暗河 77 13.20 395 17.30 ∈ 19 4.45 平行状水系 2.56 1 560 1 200 615 945 0.14 187 响水洞 岩溶大泉 300 14.30 355 34.00 ∈ 16 8.82 梳状水系 4.31 1 693 1 060 304 1 389 0.08 235 水磨溪泉 岩溶大泉 150 16.10 378 13.00 O 18 11.54 树枝状水系 1.21 1 140 760 349 791 0.19 287 西翼 响龙洞 岩溶大泉 42 13.80 238 13.00 T 46 3.23 树枝状水系 1.21 1 650 1 300 356 1 294 0.28 255 南翼 鱼泉洞 地下暗河 36 14.50 249 9.80 ∈ 10 3.67 平行状水系 3.82 1 350 1 170 309 1 061 0.16 171 迷宫泉 岩溶大泉 27 14.30 187 6.20 ∈ 8 4.35 梳状水系 13.17 1 442 1 148 430 1 012 0.13 175 NZK04 钻孔 0 14.20 200 ∈ 8 1 442 1 250 305 1 153 潭 岩溶大泉 200 13.20 248 18.60 T 32 10.75 扇状水系 1.09 1 530 1 150 191 1 339 0.27 291 周坪龙洞 地下暗河 5 13.50 174 4.80 P 22 1.04 平行状水系 2.62 1 458 1 250 816 642 0.19 120 仙龙洞 岩溶大泉 12 11.60 163 3.30 E 25 3.64 树枝状水系 2.08 1 550 1 450 796 754 0.28 230 仙鱼泉 岩溶大泉 300 14.60 184 21.70 O 36 13.82 扇状水系 1.16 1 168 1 050 499 669 0.13 42 大鱼泉洞 岩溶大泉 100 14.70 223 9.50 P 24 10.53 树枝状水系 3.81 1 320 1 000 274 1 046 0.17 310 龙洞 地下暗河 15 16.50 394 2.90 ∈ 12 5.17 平行状水系 1.17 610 450 308 302 0.14 71 忘忧泉 地下暗河 20 16.10 272 3.90 ∈ 10 5.13 平行状水系 1.25 896 550 438 458 0.23 100 NZK06 钻孔 0 17.50 1 350 ∈ 25 227 潮水洞 岩溶大泉 20 15.80 394 4.80 ∈ 10 4.2 梳状水系 2.10 650 610 460 190 0.09 89 五爪泉 岩溶大泉 350 15.60 249 42.90 O 25 8.16 平行状水系 1.17 1 378 750 471 907 0.12 78 酒酙子泉 地下暗河 600 13.70 215 61.40 ∈ 30 9.77 梳状水系 5.51 1 670 1 300 420 1 250 0.05 97 东翼 白龙泉 岩溶大泉 400 15.30 225.5 46.00 ∈ 10 8.70 扇状水系 0.77 1 150 870 423 727 0.11 59 百家泉 地下暗河 15 16.50 174.5 2.10 O 10 7.14 平行状水系 2.40 700 610 480 220 0.11 53 老龙洞 岩溶大泉 30 14.90 204 7.50 ∈ 10 4.00 扇状水系 1.43 960 900 510 450 0.09 44 北翼 青龙口 岩溶大泉 60 11.00 200 17.00 ∈ 15 3.53 平行状水系 2.22 1 820 1 600 1 180 640 0.13 145 黄龙洞 地下暗河 80 13.00 240 13.20 ∈ 9 6.0 扇状水系 0.44 1 260 1 000 720 540 0.17 4
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