Fine-grained sublacustrine fan deposits and their significance in shale oil reservoirs in the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin
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摘要:
准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷是我国页岩油成功勘探的代表性地区之一，但至今对页岩油富集层段二叠系芦草沟组的沉积相认识还存在分歧，存在浅湖与半深湖-深湖2种不同观点，并将其中的砂岩夹层识别为三角洲前缘远砂坝、浅湖滩坝沉积。通过岩心观察和砂岩粒度、测井相、储层物性分析等方法对二叠系芦草沟组沉积相特征进行了研究。研究结果表明，研究区湖盆内部以半深湖-深湖背景下湖底扇发育为特征，以细粒浊流为搬运-沉积机制；以透镜状-波状层理泥质粉砂岩-粉砂岩为主要岩相类型，其次是平行层理粉砂岩、递变层理粉砂岩和块状-递变层理细砂岩；其粒度累计概率曲线呈以悬浮总体为主的平滑上拱式，在
C-M 图上样品点分布于递变悬浮段。湖底扇包括席状朵叶、重力流水道-天然堤微相，分别表现为反、正沉积旋回。发育于湖底扇(尤其是广泛分布的席状朵叶微相)内部较多的粉-细砂岩夹层，以及作为细粒沉积中外源碎屑颗粒来源的浊流活动，造就了“甜点”储层“低黏土、高斜长石”矿物含量特点和溶蚀孔隙的大量发育，从而提高了细粒储层的储集性。本研究总结了细粒湖底扇的沉积物粒度细、砂层薄和频繁发育等特点，指明了“甜点”储层分布于细粒湖底扇发育的层段和地区，对研究区页岩油勘探具有指导意义。Abstract:Objective The Jimsar Sag of the Junggar Basin is representative of successful shale oil exploration in China. However, the sedimentary facies in the Permian Lucaogou Formation hosting shale oil has long been disputed. Previous studies proposed two contradictory environments of shallow lakes and semideep to deep lakes in the interior lacustrine basin and identified sandstone interlays as deltaic distal sandbar deposition and beach and bar deposition.
Methods The study combined core observations with analyses of sandstone granularity, logging facies, and reservoir properties to identify the development of sublacustrine fans in a semi-deep to deep lake background.
Results Fine-grained turbidity currents played a significant role in the transportation and deposition of sediment in these fans. The lithofacies observed included lenticular-wave bedded muddy siltstone to siltstone (dominant type), parallel bedded siltstone, graded siltstone, and massive-graded bedded siltstone to fine-grained sandstone. The cumulative probability granularity curves exhibited smooth upper arches with a high suspension population, and the cross-spots on the
C-M diagram were located in the grade suspension zone. The sublacustrine fans consisted of sedimentary microfacies of sheet-like lobes and gravity flow channel levees, showing fining- and coarsening-upwards successions, respectively. These fans contained numerous interlayers of siltstone and fine-grained sandstone, as well as terrigenous detrital particles that influenced the mineral content and enhanced shale oil reservoir properties by promoting the growth of solution pores.Conclusion The study concluded that sublacustrine fan deposits are thin-bedded and fine-grained, and they occur frequently. It also determined that desert reservoirs formed in the areas where sublacustrine fans were deposited, which has significant implications for shale oil exploration in the study area.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地东部构造单元区划(A)、地层(B)及地震反射特征(C)
Figure 1. Structural units (A), stratigraphic column (B) and seismic reflection characteristics (C) in the eastern Junggar Basin
图 2 细粒与中粒浊积岩沉积序列对比[22]
Figure 2. Comparative sedimentary successions between fine- and medium-grained turbidities
图 3 细粒湖底扇沉积的岩相组成及特征(井位见图 1-A)
A.J3301井, 3 397.92 m(顶深)，灰白色荧光正递变泥质粉砂岩-粉砂岩；B.J3301井, 3 433.9 m，灰色块状粉砂岩，底部较多深灰色棱角状泥砾；C.J3301井, 3 548.08 m，深灰色荧光波状层理粉砂质泥岩，夹粉砂岩纹层，下部含灰白色方沸石斑块；D.J3301井, 3 534.65 m，深灰色泥岩，夹波状层理泥质粉砂岩，略具反旋回；E.J2801井, 3 052.72 m，灰黑色油迹泥岩，夹透镜状白云岩和波状层理粉砂岩，下部见负载构造；F.J3301井, 3 533.07 m，深灰色荧光泥岩，夹块状-波状层理粉砂岩；G.J3301井, 3 554.5 m，深灰色荧光泥岩，夹波状-透镜状层理粉砂岩；H.J3301井, 3 554.5 m，深灰色荧光泥岩，夹泥质粉砂岩纹层，局部见包卷层理；I.J2801井, 3 053.59 m，灰黑色块状泥岩，夹液化变形构造粉砂岩；J.J2801井, 3 049.8 m，灰黑色块状泥岩，夹肠状构造粉砂岩；K.J174井, 3 375 m，深灰色泥岩，夹较多递变、透镜状层理粉-细砂岩纹层。黄色三角形示意单个浊流事件沉积
Figure 3. Lithofacies composition and characteristics in fine-grained sublacustrine fan deposits
图 4 J174井芦草沟组砂岩粒度直方图和累计概率曲线图
Figure 4. Sandstone grain-size histograms and cumulative probability curves in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
图 5 J174井芦草沟组砂岩粒度C-M图
S，Q，R，P，O，N均为图形划分点。QR段.递变悬浮沉积；RS段.均匀悬浮沉积，是粒径和密度不随深度变化的完全悬浮沉积；PQ段.以悬浮搬运为主，但含有少量滚动搬运组分；OP段.以滚动搬运为主，滚动组分和悬浮组分相混合；NO段.基本上由滚动颗粒组成，C值一般大于1 mm，常构成河流的砂坝砾石堆积物
Figure 5. C-M diagram of sandstone grainsize in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
图 6 J174井芦草沟组岩心沉积相分析(井位见图 1-A)
Figure 6. Sedimentary facies based on core description in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
图 7 J2801井芦草沟组岩心沉积微相分析(井位见图 1-A)
Figure 7. Sedimentary facies based on core description in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J2801
图 8 吉木萨尔凹陷芦二段沉积相平面图
Figure 8. Sedimentary facies map in the Second Member of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Sag
图 9 博格达山前露头页岩夹白云岩岩性组合
Figure 9. Lithologic composition of shale interbedded dolomite at the outcrop of frontal Bogeda Mountain
图 10 J174井芦草沟组下“甜点”段不同岩性的砂质颗粒分布特征及溶蚀孔隙
A.3 274.14 m, (-)，凝灰质细砂岩，颗粒以斜长石为主，较多粒间溶孔(蓝色铸体)；B.3 308.18 m, (-)，云泥质粉砂岩，较多粒间和斜长石颗粒粒内溶孔；C.3 297.45 m, (-)，泥质粉砂岩，夹有机质纹层，粉砂质颗粒以斜长石为主，顺层分布，少量粒间溶孔；D.3 277.5 m, (+)，粉砂质泥岩，粉砂质颗粒顺层排列显示纹层；E.3 292.01 m, (+)，云质粉砂质泥岩，粉砂质颗粒主要为斜长石，纹层状分布，较多溶孔, 白云石呈细小菱形；F.3 305.33 m, (-)，含粉砂微晶云岩，粉砂颗粒以斜长石为主，漂浮状分布，少量溶孔, 白云石呈细小菱形
Figure 10. Sandy particle distribution and solution pores in various kinds of lithology, the lower dessert interval, Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
图 11 J174井芦草沟组岩石矿物成分质量分数变化
Figure 11. Mineral ingredient changes in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
表 1 J174井芦草沟组砂岩粒度参数统计
Table 1. Statistical parameters of sandstone grain-size in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
样品深度/m 平均粒径/ϕ 岩性 标准偏差 分选性级别 偏度 偏度级别 峰度 峰度等级 3 114.86 4.50 粉砂岩 2.67 差 0.44 很正偏态 1.01 中等 3 115.56 3.70 细砂岩 2.68 差 0.46 很正偏态 1.06 中等 3 127.53 3.42 细砂岩 2.53 差 0.44 很正偏态 1.09 中等 3 142.13 5.15 粉砂岩 2.64 差 0.39 很正偏态 1.00 中等 3 145.19 4.14 粉砂岩 2.91 差 0.47 很正偏态 0.88 平坦 3 147.35 3.22 细砂岩 2.50 差 0.40 很正偏态 0.90 平坦 3 147.64 3.49 细砂岩 2.41 差 0.44 很正偏态 1.05 中等 3 152.46 3.67 细砂岩 2.77 差 0.49 很正偏态 1.03 中等 3 158.49 3.59 细砂岩 2.87 差 0.28 正偏态 0.82 平坦 3 159.75 3.51 细砂岩 2.57 差 0.52 很正偏态 1.25 尖锐 3 160.41 4.07 粉砂岩 2.92 差 0.38 很正偏态 0.89 平坦 3 173.56 3.57 细砂岩 2.62 差 0.54 很正偏态 1.16 尖锐 
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表 2 J174井芦草沟组”甜点”段与“非甜点”段主要矿物的平均质量分数
Table 2. Average contents of the main mineral ingredients in the dessert and nondessert intervals in the Lucaogou Formation of Well J174
wB/% 层段 矿物成分 黏土矿物 长英质类 碳酸盐类 黄铁矿 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 铁白云石 上“甜点”段 7.94 21.32 3.88 28.82 3.93 25.19 7.87 0.06 下“甜点”段 8.50 19.50 5.39 30.31 4.71 27.92 2.66 1.01 非“甜点”段 15.15 21.44 3.33 20.26 12.53 22.76 3.25 0.93
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