Discussion on characteristics of mudstone and shale
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摘要:
细粒沉积岩类型复杂，原因是其定义基于结构粒度概念，缺乏对矿物成分的有效约束，加之，不同学者是在不同尺度下对构造现象进行描述，使得细粒沉积岩缺乏较为科学、系统的分类。为辨析泥岩与页岩的特征，通过大量调研国内外沉积学教材及相关文献发现：细粒沉积物(粒径小于62.5 μm)的概念自20世纪30年代进入人们的视野，后被广大研究人员广泛接受，且大多数学者普遍认为可依据粒度大小，进一步将细粒沉积物划分为黏土级颗粒(粒径小于3.9 μm)和粉砂级颗粒(粒径介于3.9~62.5 μm之间)。但是，国、内外沉积学界对细粒沉积物“泥”(泥级颗粒)的粒径划分不同，欧美学者一般将“泥”界定为粒径小于62.5 μm，包括黏土级颗粒与粉砂级颗粒。在我国，自20世纪50年代开始，沿用了前苏联的方案，“泥”的粒径对应黏土级颗粒即小于3.9 μm，这一分歧是导致泥岩与页岩等概念使用混乱的根本原因。概而言之，固结的泥岩具有与页岩相同的粒级结构和组分，但是不具备页岩的“纹层”或“页理”构造特征；辩证而言，“纹层”强调沉积过程所形成的垂向层理差异，而“页理”则是成岩过程受风化作用影响形成的力学薄弱面。从泥岩和页岩的矿物组成看，存在石英和长石硅质矿物、黏土矿物，碳酸盐矿物的混合沉积作用的影响，需要从沉积成因出发，结合构造特征，综合矿物类型、有机质丰度和颗粒来源等因素对泥岩和页岩进行岩性岩相分类。实践表明，页岩油气的开发动用需要地质工程一体化协同，辨析泥岩和页岩的特征差异性对产层优选具有重要意义。
Abstract:The types of fine-grained sedimentary rocks are complicated because their definition is based on the concept of texture grain size, which lacks effective constraints on mineral composition; In addition, different scholars have described the fabric phenomena at different scales, which altogether mades fine-grained sedimentary rocks lack of scientific and systematic classification. To analyse distinguish the characteristics of mudstones and shales, a large number of investigations and surveys were conducted in the textbooks of sedimentology and related literature at home and abroad. It is found showing that since the conception of fine-grained sediments (size less than 62.5 μm) appeared in the 1930s, it was accepted widely by the researchers, and based on particle size, most scholars generally appreciated it that the fine-grained sediments could further be divided into clay grains (size less than 3.9 μm) and silt grains (size between 3.9 μm and 62.5 μm). However, domestically and internationally, the particle size of fine-grained sediment "mud" (mud grains) was divided differently. Generally, scholars in Europe and America defined the mud as a particle size less than 62.5μm, including clay and silt grains. In our country, the particle size of mud corresponded to that of clay grains, which was less than 3.9μm, mainly following the former Soviet Union′s sedimentary scheme, since the 1950s. This divergence is also the fundamental reason for the confusion of concepts. In general, the consolidated mudstone has the same grain size structure and composition as shale, but does not have the "lamination" or "fissile" structural characteristics of shale. Dialectically speaking, "lamination" emphasizes the stratigraphic vertical differences formed by sedimentary processes, while "fissile" refers to the mechanical weaknesses formed by weathering during diagenetic processes. In terms of the mineral composition of mudstone and shale, there are fine-grained mixed sedimentation effects of quartz and feldspar siliceous minerals, clay minerals and carbonate minerals. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively classify fine-grained sediments into lithologies and lithofacies based on sedimentary genesis, combined with structural characteristics, mineral types, abundance of organic matter, and particle sources comprehensively. Practice has shown that the development and utilization of shale oil and gas require the integration of geology and engineering, and distinguishes the difference in characteristics of mudstone and shale is of great significance to the optimization of pay zones.
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Key words:
- mudstone /
- shale /
- lamination /
- fissile /
- fine-grained mixed sedimentation /
- shale oil and gas
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图 3 古龙凹陷纹层类型划分及组合
a.长英质粉砂纹层，不连续，曲线状，不平行，GY2HC井，2 280.35 m；b.介形虫纹层，连续，波状，平行，GY2HC井，2 373.4 m；c.黄铁矿纹层，连续，板状，平行，GY2HC井，2 299.3 m；d.长英质粉砂-黏土纹层组合, GY2HC井, w(TOC)=2.55%；e.薄介形虫-厚长英质粉砂-薄黏土纹层组合, GY2HC井, w(TOC)=1.19%
Figure 3. Classification and assemblage of lamination types in Gulong Sag
图 4 古龙凹陷页理类型划分
a, b.页理面含炭屑，GY3HC井, 2 383.1 m(俯、正视图)；c, d.页理面含黄铁矿交代生物体，GY3HC井, 2 382.4 m(俯、正视图)；e, f.页理面含介形虫，GY3HC井, 2 383.6 m(俯、正视图)；g, h.页理面含叶肢介，GY3HC井, 2 399.5 m(俯、正视图)
Figure 4. Classification of fissile types in Gulong Sag
图 5 陆源碎屑颗粒-盆内生物钙质异化颗粒-盆内生物硅质异化颗粒三端元分类法(据文献[57]编绘) c
Figure 5. Three terminal taxonomies of terrigenous and volcanic grains-calcareous allochems-biosiliceous allochems
图 6 北美主要的“页岩”勘探区带矿物成分变化(据文献[63]编绘)
彩色点表示所标层系的区域平均成分值；淡蓝色覆盖区显示巴奈特“页岩”中的特定区域值的范围；淡紫色被定义为与伊格尔福特页岩相似的区域组分数据；淡橘色被定义为与普罗霍恩页岩相似的区域组分数据；黑色虚线定义了阿巴拉契亚盆地马塞勒斯“页岩”的区域组成数据范围
Figure 6. Mineral composition changes in major "shale" exploration zones in North America
表 1 细粒沉积分类使用术语表(据文献[17]修改)
Table 1. Terms applied for classification of fine-grained sedimentation
基本术语 未固结 固结，无页理 固结，页理/纹层 比例和粒度大小 粉砂 粉砂岩 粉砂质页岩 超过2/3的粉砂级颗粒(3.9~62.5 μm) 泥 泥岩 页岩 粉砂级与黏土级颗粒的混合 黏土 黏土岩 黏土质页岩 超过2/3的黏土级颗粒(小于3.9 μm) 结构性
描述含粉砂的 10%的粉砂级颗粒 含泥的 10%的粉砂级或黏土级颗粒(应用于非泥岩) 含黏土的 大于10%的黏土级颗粒 含砂或含砾石的 大于10%的砂级或砾级颗粒 组分性
描述钙质的 大于10%的碳酸钙(有孔虫目的，微型浮游生物化石等) 含黄铁矿，铁质的云母质的磷酸盐等代表性的1%~5% 硅质的 大于10%的二氧化硅(硅藻，放射虫类等) 碳质的 大于1%的有机碳 
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表 2 国、内外不同学者对泥岩与页岩定义发展变化对比表
Table 2. Comparative table of development of shale and mudstone definitions from different scholars among home and a broad
定义强调 主要内容 代表学者 所属体系 页岩 泥岩 页岩术语作为总称 页岩是细粒沉积岩的统称，其颗粒的直径小于62.5 μm，是一个广义的术语，包括了粉砂岩 / Clark[33]
Potter等[17]欧美国家学者 泥岩与页岩的构造差异 页岩是一种有纹层的或易于裂开的岩石，限用于被埋藏的或古代的沉积物，对于那些既不易裂开而又不具纹理的黏土岩，由于是团块状或块状的，就可以应用泥岩这一名称。大多数学者倾向于将泥岩限用于那些粒级和成分都属于页岩但却缺乏纹（层）理及（或）裂开性的岩石 Pettijohn[25]，Tucker[34], O'brien等[22] 介于黏土岩和粉砂岩的中间过渡类型 黏土矿物体积分数大于2/3的岩石称为黏土岩，粉砂体积分数大于2/3的岩石称为粉砂岩，两者之间过渡类型称为泥岩和页岩。所有这些岩石总称为泥质岩（argillaceous rocks）或泥状岩（mudrock） Blat等[23] 限定特指页岩作为野外定名 页岩仅仅指细粒的、固结的、页状的野外沉积岩 泥岩是细粒沉积岩的通用术语，类似于砂岩、粉砂岩、灰岩、白云岩 Stow[24]
Bohacs等[35]泥质结构（< 0.01mm的颗粒占比90%） 黏土岩主要由粒径小于0.01mm的颗粒组成，并且一般含有30%以上大小为0.001mm的颗粒。泥质结构几乎全由（90%以上） < 0.01mm的颗粒组成 鲁欣[36] 前苏联学者 页岩的粒度细于泥岩，但属于黏土级 页岩是成分中粒径小于0.0001mm的矿物颗粒占50%以上的黏土岩，即较细部分的黏土岩 泥岩是成分中大小为0.01-0.0001m的矿物颗粒占50%以上的黏土岩，即较粗部分的黏土岩，进一步可分为粗粒泥岩和细粒泥岩 阿弗杜辛[37] 固结压实，黏土级矿物体积分数超过67% 一种页状的、固结的、易裂开的岩石，黏土级矿物体积分数超过67% 泥质沉积物经压实和胶结作用形成的细粒沉积岩 American Geological Institutess[38] 辞典词条 成分复杂，可按混入物质分类 一种成分复杂、具有薄页状或薄片状层理的黏土岩，是弱固结的黏土经较强的压固作用、脱水作用、重结晶作用后形成的。成分除黏土矿物外，尚混人有石英、长石等碎屑矿物及其他化学物质 一种成分较复杂、层理不明显的块状黏土岩，是弱固结的黏土经压固作用、脱水作用、微弱的重结晶作用形成的。可按混入物质不同分为炭质泥岩、铁质泥岩、砂质泥岩 《地球科学大辞典》编辑委员会[39] 成岩固结作用和结构构造差异 具有页理或层间劈理的一种泥质岩。由黏土矿物和粉砂组分超过90%的泥质沉积物经较强或较长时间的成岩压实作用而成。约占沉积岩总量的40%~60%。泥状结构，片状构造，矿物定向排列明显。可按黏土矿物成分、粉砂/黏土值、颜色和成因进一步分类 粉砂和黏土总量超过90%的一种碎屑沉积岩，包括粉砂岩、黏土岩及二者之间的过渡类型。未固结者称为泥。具泥状结构或粉砂泥状结构，块状构造。可按黏土矿物成分、粉砂/黏土值、颜色和成因进一步分类 孙鸿烈等[40] 辞典词条 页岩和泥岩由黏土固结成岩，黏土粒径 < 3.9 μm 泥质岩（黏土岩）主要由黏土矿物及小于3.9 μm的细碎屑（>50%）组成，含少量粉砂碎屑。黏土经成岩、后生作用固结而成的岩石就是泥岩和页岩，含有一定量的粉砂，泥岩无页理，页岩具页理。页岩、泥岩中粉砂质量分数 < 5%，含粉砂页岩、泥岩中粉砂体积分数5%-25%，粉砂质页岩、泥岩中粉砂体积分数25%-50% 何起祥[41]，曾允孚等[42]，方邺森等[43] 我国学者 页岩和泥岩由黏土固结成岩，黏土粒径 < 62.5 μm 黏土岩（泥质岩）（argillaceous rocks）主要是由 < 62.5 μm的颗粒组成的、并含大量黏土矿物的疏松状或固结的岩石。绝大多数的黏土质岩石（泥岩和页岩）的主要组分（黏土矿物和粉砂）是以碎屑状态被搬运至沉积场所以机械方式沉积而成的。泥岩层理、劈理不显著（块状），页岩层理、劈理显著（具页理） 刘宝珺[44] 构造差异，以及页理和纹理的成因 具有页理构造的黏土岩称为页岩。页理是岩石沿平行层理方向易于裂开成薄片的性质，页理的形成主要是在一定压力作用下，由于水云母、绢云母、绿泥石等片状矿物平行排列所致。纹理的厚度范围0.05~1mm，大多数为0.1~0.4mm，纹理通常有3种显示：粗粒和细粒颗粒的交替，如粉砂和黏土；浅色层和深色层的交替，以有机质含量来区分：碳酸钙和黏土粉砂的交替 何镜宇等[45-46] 黏土矿物体积分数>50% 凡黏土矿物体积分数大于50%、包括多种形成机理，但通常以陆源碎屑沉积为主的细粒岩石称为黏土岩。黏土经成岩作用形成固结的泥岩和页岩，总称为黏土岩，泥岩是无纹理、无页理的块状黏土岩，页岩是有页理或纹理的薄层状黏土岩 张鹏飞等[47] 泥岩的两种含义 黏土岩（claystone）系指以黏土矿物为主（体积分数>50%）的沉积岩。在成岩后后生作用中因重结晶可使部分或大部分颗朱粒超过原来黏土颗粒大小，则谓之泥岩、页岩或泥板岩。泥岩（mudstone）有两种含义，一是黏土岩的同义术语，一是指页理不发育的黏土岩。页岩（shale）系指页理发育的黏土岩 冯增昭等[48]，赵澄林[49]，筱敏[50]
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表 3 纹层与页理辩证关系
Table 3. Dialectical relationship between lamination and fissile
纹层 页理 厚度 薄于1 cm(通常0.05~1 mm厚) 薄于1 cm 机理 原生沉积作用 成岩风化作用 特征 可识别的最薄地层单元(细层) 只在地表露头出现，薄饼板或薄片状(力学薄弱面) 内涵 形成页理的基础 描述在风化作用中薄纹层裂成薄片状的过程
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