Rare earth resources in Laos: Characteristics and the prospects for exploration and development
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摘要:
稀土是世界各国的战略性关键金属矿产资源，而中重稀土尤为重要。老挝境内分布着大量不同时代花岗岩类，且气候湿热多雨，风化作用强烈，为离子吸附型稀土矿的形成创造了有利条件。为查明老挝稀土资源成矿地质特征和资源分布特征，分析其投资开发前景，对整个老挝境内开展了大量系统的野外调研及相关分析测试工作，并且汇总了老挝稀土资源勘查工作进展。研究结果表明，老挝稀土资源成矿特征可类比中国南方地区，属于典型的风化壳淋积型矿床，矿体主要富集于花岗岩类风化壳全风化层，盖层厚度相对中国较大。矿体呈层状、似层状和透镜体状，厚度数米到二十多米。离子相稀土平均品位为0.4‰~0.7‰，大部分稀土配分模式同江西赣州信丰稀土矿相似，属富集中重稀土元素的中钇富铕型。老挝稀土资源主要分布于北部的川圹省和华潘省，预计两省稀土资源总量可达到60万t。随着老挝稀土政策的开放和中国稀土战略的逐步完善，投资开发老挝稀土资源，建立稀土资源的海外战略基地，可以长期稳定地支撑中国对离子吸附型稀土资源的需求，同时也可以为加强两国合作、共建中老命运共同体做出突出贡献。
Abstract:Rare Earth Elements are strategically critical metals of all countries in the world with the medium and heavy REEs are particularly important. A large number of granitoids of different ages are distributed in Laos. In this region, the climate is humid, hot and rainy, resulting strong weathering that is favorable for the formation of ion-adsorbed REE deposits. In order to identify the geological characteristics and distribution of Laos′ rare earth resources, and to analyze its investment and exploitation prospects, this study carried out systematic field investigations and related analyses throughout the country, as well as summarizing the progress of recent REE exploration in the region. The results show that the metallogenic characteristics of REE in Laos are comparable to those in southern China, which belongs to a typical weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore(WCED-REO). The orebodies are mainly concentrated in completely weathered layers of granitoid, and the cap layers are relatively thicker than those of southern China. The ore bodies are stratiform and lentoid, with thicknesses of several meters to 20 meters. The average grades of ionic phase rare earth range from 0.4‰ to 0.7‰. Most of them have REE ditributional patterns similar to those of the Xinfeng REE mine in Ganzhou and Jiangxi, which belong to the middle yttrium rich europium type. The rare earth resources of Laos are mainly distributed in the northern parts, such as the Xieng Khouang and Huaphane provinces. The total rare earth resources of the two provinces are estimated to be up to 600, 000 tons. With the opening of Laos′s rare earth policy and the gradual improvement of China′s rare earth strategy, investment in the exploitation of Laos rare earth resources and establishing an overseas strategic base for rare earth resources can support China′s demand for ion-adsorbed rare earth resources in a long-term and stable manner. Meanwhile, it can also facilitate mutual cooperation in mineral resources, significantly contributing the future of both countries.
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图 1 老挝不同期次花岗岩类侵入岩分布图
w(REE): ①164.0×10-6~245.3×10-6，据日本地质调查局；②86.1×10-6~166.4×10-6，据日本地质调查局；③263.5×10-6，据文献[6]；④、⑤317.8×10-6~679.5×10-6, 样品送ALS·Geochemistry检测，分析方法为ICP-MS；⑥294.91×10-6~317.80×10-6，样品送ALS·Geochemistry检测，分析方法为ICP-MS；⑦216.01×10-6~255.29×10-6，据文献[12]；⑧195.94×10-6~538.99×10-6，据文献[12]；⑨202.6×10-6，据文献[13]；⑩(232±75)×10-6，据文献[6]
Figure 1. Distribution map of Granitoid intrusive rocks of different periods in Laos
图 4 风化壳剖面结构示意图
注：由于赣南钻无法钻穿微风化层，微风化层和基岩样品均采自路边剥离边坡
Figure 4. Diagram of the sectional structure of the weathering crust
图 5 川圹省某稀土矿钻孔柱状图(含稀土品位与钻孔深度关系)
Figure 5. Drilling hole histogram of an REE deposit in Xiangkhouang Province of Laos
图 6 老挝川圹省某稀土矿地质剖面图
Figure 6. Geological section map of a REE mine in Xiangkhouang Province of Laos
图 8 老挝川圹省主要稀土项目分布图
Figure 8. Distribution of the main REE projects in Xiengkhouang Province of Laos
表 1 老挝不同期次花岗岩类侵入岩稀土质量分数
Table 1. The REE contents of granitic intrusive rocks from different periods in Laos
序号 花岗岩类侵入岩期次 岩石命名 采样位置(图 1) w(REE)/10-6 数据来源 ① 志留纪 中-粗粒黑云母花岗闪长岩/花岗岩 波里坎塞省Nape地区 164.0~245.3 日本地质调查局 ② 石炭纪 中-细粒黑云母角闪石花岗闪长岩 赛松奔省孟洪县 86.1~166.4 日本地质调查局 ③ 角闪石黑云母花岗岩 阿速坡省三赛县 263.5 文献[6] ④ 二叠纪- 三叠纪 中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 川圹省帕塞县 317.80~679.50 — ⑤ 中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 川圹省孟昆县 317.80~679.50 — ⑥ 中-粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩 川圹省孟昆县 294.91~317.80 — ⑦ 二长花岗岩 川圹省 216.01~255.29 文献[12] ⑧ 中-粗粒黑云母花岗岩 华潘省华孟县 195.94~538.99 文献[12] ⑨ 中粒黑云母花岗闪长岩 阿速坡省普翁县 202.66 文献[13] ⑩ 侏罗纪 斑状黑云母花岗岩 波里坎塞省Boneng地区 232±75 文献[6] 注：①和②数据来自日本地质调查局(GSJ)；④、⑤和⑥样品送ALS Geochemistry检测，分析方法为ICP-MS。采样位置见图 1 
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表 2 老挝稀土矿项目矿石样品采集登记表
Table 2. Ore sample collection of existing REE projects in Laos
序号 样品编号 省份 采样点所属公司或区域 样品描述 1 老挝2#综合样 川圹省帕塞县 老挝博纳斯独资有限公司 钻孔综合样 2 3-E-5201 川圹省帕塞县 老挝博纳斯独资有限公司 钻孔综合样 3 GJX-05 川圹省孟昆县 BSL和广健信工贸(老挝)有限公司 钻孔综合样 4 A-BK-05 川圹省孟昆县 BSL和广健信工贸(老挝)有限公司 钻孔综合样 5 村尾1号山2号井 川圹省帕塞县 东力胜工业开发有限公司 钻孔综合样 6 ZK04 川圹省孟昆县 蓬萨塔维矿业有限公司 钻孔综合样 7 IS-003 川圹省孟昆县 哈博罗矿业独资有限公司 钻孔综合样 8 HP-H03 华潘省桑怒市 鸿胜矿业 矿土 9 MHZK020 华潘省华孟县 阿西诺公司 钻孔综合样 10 HP-H09 华潘省华孟县 中工稀土矿业(老挝)有限公司 矿土 11 XT-1 华潘省桑怒市 中工稀土矿业(老挝)有限公司 稀土氧化物 12 HP-H16 华潘省桑怒市 CV金泰工程有限公司1号矿权 矿土 13 C矿 华潘省桑怒市 CV金泰工程有限公司2号矿权 矿土 14 SSB-H02 赛松奔省赛松奔市 纳勐铜矿以北 矿土 15 SSB-H32 赛松本省洪县 孟洪县以北 矿土 16 LZ-08 赛松奔省赛松奔市 PS建设与旅游独资有限公司 矿土 17 NS-H1 阿速坡省普翁县 南山金矿矿区12号采场 矿土 18 01 琅勃拉邦省普古县 坡昆村东南 矿土
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表 3 老挝主要稀土项目配分情况
Table 3. Patterns of main REE projects in Laos
稀土配分/10-6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 La2O3 22.40 23.68 24.57 22.64 18.58 27.43 36.49 26.88 19.92 34.36 26.56 24.47 35.80 23.01 13.63 6.23 26.07 24.57 CeO2 2.16 2.15 3.75 3.52 0.93 5.96 3.01 2.59 2.01 0.87 3.49 5.29 7.05 7.11 10.86 3.71 2.70 3.75 Pr6O11 5.38 5.43 5.78 6.57 4.29 6.59 6.79 4.15 5.38 10.28 7.04 7.22 6.32 12.45 5.42 1.29 6.00 5.78 Nd2O3 21.02 19.37 20.57 24.85 15.20 23.11 22.03 12.83 20.72 36.93 24.98 24.89 20.11 38.38 20.79 4.71 21.40 20.57 Sm2O3 4.79 4.51 4.48 5.27 4.41 4.59 4.00 2.67 4.73 6.62 5.00 4.21 3.20 1.74 4.12 1.55 4.05 4.48 Eu2O3 0.98 0.90 0.60 0.87 0.75 0.77 0.92 0.63 0.88 0.29 0.94 0.97 0.67 0.35 0.65 0.31 1.15 0.60 Gd2O3 5.17 4.74 4.31 4.55 5.15 4.16 3.60 4.09 5.09 2.55 4.70 4.00 2.89 4.71 4.41 3.85 3.92 4.31 Tb4O7 0.77 0.75 0.77 0.75 0.87 0.65 0.56 0.74 0.80 0.30 0.67 0.58 0.45 0.22 0.73 0.92 0.59 0.77 Dy2O3 4.21 4.68 4.21 3.85 5.46 3.48 2.89 4.52 4.93 1.15 3.85 3.24 2.72 1.55 4.47 6.82 3.29 4.21 Ho2O3 0.84 0.86 0.79 0.72 1.11 0.66 0.53 0.94 0.92 0.22 0.71 0.63 0.54 0.27 0.93 1.49 0.68 0.79 Er2O3 2.29 2.57 2.04 1.91 3.39 1.66 1.34 2.55 2.52 0.50 1.88 1.70 1.56 0.62 2.52 3.89 1.90 2.04 Tm2O3 0.34 0.32 0.26 0.25 0.49 0.20 ＜0.20 0.32 0.35 ＜0.20 0.24 ＜0.20 0.21 ＜0.20 0.32 0.48 0.25 0.26 Yb2O3 2.05 1.69 1.50 1.57 3.43 1.25 1.12 1.86 1.94 0.45 1.42 1.43 1.40 0.50 2.08 2.62 1.64 1.50 Lu2O3 0.30 0.25 ＜0.2 0.22 0.49 ＜0.20 ＜0.20 0.26 0.27 ＜0.20 0.20 ＜0.20 0.20 ＜0.20 0.28 0.28 0.24 ＜0.2 Y2O3 27.28 27.83 26.18 22.47 35.50 19.32 16.41 34.97 29.58 5.36 18.32 20.99 16.92 8.97 28.79 61.85 26.12 26.18 REO 0.060 0.080 0.047 0.062 0.083 0.062 0.046 0.042 0.037 0.031 - 0.013 0.047 0.020 0.024 0.033 0.040 0.046 LREE 50.96 50.63 54.67 57.58 39.00 63.09 68.32 46.45 48.03 82.44 62.07 61.87 69.28 80.95 50.70 15.94 56.17 54.67 MREE 15.92 15.58 14.37 15.29 16.64 13.65 11.97 12.65 16.43 10.91 15.16 13.00 9.93 8.57 14.38 13.45 13.00 14.37 HREE 5.82 5.69 4.59 4.67 8.91 3.77 2.99 5.93 6.00 1.17 4.45 3.76 3.91 1.39 6.13 8.76 4.71 4.59 检测单位：国家钨与稀土产品质量监督检验中心；检测方法：离子型稀土矿化学分析方法(XB/T619-2015)
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表 4 2017-2020年中国进口缅甸稀土资源数量
Table 4. China′s imports of REE resources from Myanmar in 2017-2020
2017 2018 2019 2020 国内开采指标/t 17 900 19 150 19 000 19 150 混合碳酸稀土/t 19 588.02 25 829.12 12 986.22 6 225.00 未列明氧化物/t 369.72 8 147.30 14 427.59 17 512.55 注：数据来自工信部、自然资源部和海关总署
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