川东北元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素

黄彦庆; 肖开华; 金武军; 王爱; 刘志远; 王濡岳

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0099

川东北元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0099

中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083

基金项目:

中国石油化工股份有限公司科技开发部项目 P19012-2

详细信息

作者简介:
黄彦庆(1980-), 男, 高级工程师, 主要从事油气藏评价研究工作。E-mail: huangyq.syky@sinopec.com

中图分类号: P618.13
计量
- 文章访问数: 1164
- PDF下载量: 53
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-01

Characteristics and controlling factors of tight sandstone reservoir fractures in the Xujiahe Formation of the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

Petroleum Explorarion and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要:
川东北元坝西部上三叠统须家河组受晚期构造活动影响小，裂缝发育程度较中东部低，前人对其重视不够，裂缝发育控制因素不清楚。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井解释、裂缝充填物包裹体分析等多种技术手段，对元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素开展了系统研究，明确了裂缝类型和特征参数，建立了裂缝发育模式。结果表明：①元坝西部须家河组以低角度剪切缝和成岩收缩缝为主；须三段裂缝多为方解石充填，须二段裂缝以泥质充填为主。②元坝西部须家河组裂缝可划分为3期，分别对应晚侏罗世、早白垩世晚期和晚喜山期，前2期裂缝全充填-半充填，第三期未充填。③研究区裂缝发育程度受地层变形强度、至断裂距离、单层砂岩厚度和砂岩类型的控制。九龙山背斜枢纽部位和东南翼地层曲率较大部位以褶皱相关裂缝为主，在东南翼断裂附近以断层相关裂缝为主，2类裂缝区为开发评价有利区。须三段砾岩区发育由砾缘缝和穿砾平缝组合而成的、开度小、未充填的网状缝，须二段石英砂岩发育沿层理破裂的低角度剪切缝及微裂缝，也是元坝西部须家河组气藏下一步开发评价需关注的有利区。
- 川东北 /
- 元坝西部 /
- 须家河组 /
- 致密砂岩 /
- 裂缝发育特征
Abstract:
The Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area of the northeastern Sichuan Basin was slightly affected by late tectonic activity and thus has fewer fractures relative to the central and eastern Yuanba areas. Utilizing core observation, slice identification, logging interpretation, and inclusion analysis, the characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in tight sandstone of the Xujiahe Formation of the western Yuanba area were analyzed.The results show that the study area mainly contains low-angle shear fractures and diagenetic fractures. Fractures in the 2nd and 3rd members of the Xujiahe Formation were primarily filled by calcite and clay respectively. The fractures in the Xujiahe Formation of the study area can be classified into three stages, corresponding to the regional tectonic deformations during the Late Jurassic, the end of the Early Cretaceous, and the Late Himalayan. The fractures of the 1st and 2nd stages were fully or partly filled, but the 3rd stage fracture was not filled. The development of fractures was mainly affected by the fault and fold deformation strength, lithology combination, and stratum thickness. Fractures in the hinge zone and southeast limb of Jiulongshan anticline were mainly generated by bending deformation except for the fault zone. The fault-related fracture was more plentiful in the vicinity of the fault zone. Both bending deformation fracture and fault-related fracture are favorable for petroleum development. Fractures in the conglomerate of 3rd Member of the Xujiahe Formation can terminate at or transect the gravel particle and generally show small apertures. The low-angle fractures and micro-fractures in the quartz sandstones of the 2nd Member of the Xujiahe Formation developed aligning with bedding. Both the 3rd and 2nd members of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area are favorable targets for petroleum exploration and development.
- northeastern Sichuan Basin /
- western Yuanba area /
- Xujiahe Formation /
- tight sandstone /
- fracture characteristics

HTML全文

图 1 川东北元坝西部须家河组构造特征

a.元坝区块西部断层及褶皱分布; b.过YL12-YB6井NW-SE向构造剖面

Figure 1. Structural characteristics of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 川东北元坝西部须家河组裂缝类型

a.高角度剪切缝，YL7井，4 515.8 m；b.石英砂岩中低角度剪切缝，YB271井，4 308.01 m；c.砾岩中低角度剪切缝(穿砾缝)，YL11井，4 343.8 m；d.生烃增压缝，YB271井，4 088.06 m；e.张性缝，YB6井，4 224.08 m；f.成岩收缩缝，YL15井，4 282.24 m；g.砾缘缝，YL18井，4 527.91 m；h.微裂缝及其附近溶蚀孔，YB5井，4 717 m

Figure 2. Fracture types of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 川东北元坝西部须家河组不同成因裂缝发育程度

Figure 3. Ratio of fractures of different origin to total fractures of the Xujiahe Formationin in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 川东北元坝西部须家河组不同产状裂缝发育程度

Figure 4. Ratio of fractures with different dip angles to total fractures of the Xujiahe Formationin in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 川东北元坝西部中、高角度缝走向玫瑰花图

Figure 5. Strike rose maps of the fractures with middle and highdip angles, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 YL11井须三段裂缝成像和常规测井响应特征

Figure 6. Logging response characteristics of fractures of the Xu3 Member in Well YL11

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 川东北元坝西部须家河组裂缝充填特征

Figure 7. Fracture filling characteristics of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 川东北元坝西部须家河组裂缝充填特征

a.方解石充填缝, YL7井, 3 51 7m; b.未充填缝, YL11井, 4 342.2 m; c.两期裂缝切割, YL18井, 4 566.93 m

Figure 8. Fracture filling characteristics of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 川东北元坝地区须家河组裂缝发育期次

Figure 9. Fracture formation stages of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 元坝西部须家河组剪切缝密度与距断层距离的相关性

据YL7、YL8、YL11、YL15、YL25和YL26井

Figure 10. Correlation between shear fractures density and distance from fault of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 元坝西部须家河组剪切缝密度与地层曲率的相关性

据YB6、YB271、YL8、YL11、YL12、YL18等井

Figure 11. Correlation between shear fractures density and formation curvature of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 川东北元坝西部须二段裂缝密度与石英体积分数相关性

据YB6、YB10、YB104、YB204、YB271和YL6井

Figure 12. Correlation between fracture density and quartz content in the Xu2 Member in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 川东北元坝西部须家河组裂缝密度与单层砂岩厚度相关性

据YB6、YB10、YB22、YB104、YB204、YB271、YL6、YL7、YL8、YL11、YL12、YL15、YL18、YL20、YL25和YL26井

Figure 13. Correlation between the fractures density and thickness of single sandstone of the Xujiahe Formation in the western Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 川东北元坝西部须二段和须三段裂缝成因模式图

Figure 14. Fracture genesis models of the Xu2 and Xu3 members in the western Yuanba area, north eastern Sichuan Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(28)

[1]	邹才能, 杨智, 朱如凯, 等. 中国非常规油气勘探开发与理论技术进展[J]. 地质学报, 2015, 89(6): 979-1007. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2015.06.001 Zou C N, Yang Z, Zhu R K, et al. Progress in China's unconventional oil and gas exploration and development and theoretical technologies[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2015, 89(6): 979-1007(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2015.06.001
[2]	吕雪莹, 蒋有录, 刘景东, 等. 东濮凹陷杜寨地区沙三中-下段致密砂岩气藏有效储层物性下限[J]. 地质科技情报, 2017, 36(3): 182-188. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ201703025.htm Lü X Y, Jiang Y L, Liu J D, et al. Lower limits of porosity and permeability of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in the middle-lower Es₃ in Duzhai area, Dongpu Depression[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2017, 36(3): 182-188(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ201703025.htm
[3]	刘景东, 蒋有录, 张园园, 等. 东濮凹陷古近系致密砂岩气成因与充注差异[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(9): 1010-1020. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201709003.htm Liu J D, Jiang Y L, Zhang Y Y, et al. Genesis and charge difference of Paleogene tight sandstone gas in Dongpu Sag[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(9): 1010-1020(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201709003.htm
[4]	袁静, 曹宇, 李际, 等. 库车坳陷迪那气田古近系裂缝发育的多样性与差异性[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2017, 38(5): 840-850. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201705002.htm Yuan J, Cao Y, Li J, et al. Diversities and disparities of fracture systems in the Paleogene in DN gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2017, 38(5): 840-850(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201705002.htm
[5]	蔡勋育, 邱桂强, 孙冬胜, 等. 中国中西部大型盆地致密砂岩油气"甜点"类型与特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(4): 684-695. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202004004.htm Cai X Y, Qiu G Q, Sun D S, et al. Types and characteristics of tight sandstone sweet spots in large basins of central-western China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(4): 684-695(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202004004.htm
[6]	蒋有录, 李明阳, 王良军, 等. 川东北巴中-通南巴地区须家河组致密砂岩储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素[J]. 地质学报, 2020, 94(5): 1525-1536. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2020.05.012 Jiang Y L, Li M Y, Wang L J, et al. Characteristics and controlling factors of tight sandstone reservoir fractures of the Xujiahe Formation in the Bazhong-Tongnanba area, Northeast Sichuan[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2020, 94(5): 1525-1536(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2020.05.012
[7]	李杰, 蒋有录, 孙均. 川东北通南巴地区须家河组断裂和裂缝特征及发育模式[J]. 地质评论, 2019, 65(1): 67-68. Li J, Jiang Y L, Sun J. Characteristics and development model of the faults and fractures of Xujiahe Formation in Tongnanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Geological Review, 2019, 65(1): 67-68(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]	范存辉, 郭彤楼, 王本强, 等. 四川盆地元坝中部地区须家河组储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2013, 20(5): 52-54. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2013.05.012 Fan C H, Guo T L, Wang B Q, et al. Characteristics and controlling factors of reservoir fractures in Xujiahe Formation, central Yuanba of Sichuan Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2013, 20(5): 52-54(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2013.05.012
[9]	范存辉, 陶佳丽, 周坤, 等. 元坝中部断褶带须家河组裂缝分形特征[J]. 西南石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 2017, 39(1): 35-42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNSY201701004.htm Fan C H, Tao J L, Zhou K, et al. Fractal characteristics of fracture of Xujiahe Formation in fault-fold belt of Central Yuanba area[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University: Science & Technology Edition, 2017, 39(1): 35-42(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNSY201701004.htm
[10]	何志勇, 刘海涛, 肖伟. 川东北YB地区须家河组裂缝特征及主控因素[J]. 断块油气田, 2014, 21(1): 32-35. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DKYT201401007.htm He Z Y, Liu H T, Xiao W. Fracture characteristics and main controlling factors of Xujiahe Formation reservoir in YB area, northeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Fault-block Oil & Gas Field, 2014, 21(1): 32-35(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DKYT201401007.htm
[11]	张冲, 谢润成, 周文, 等. 川东北元坝地区须三段致密储集层裂缝特征[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2014, 35(4): 395-398. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJSD201404006.htm Zhang C, Xie R C, Zhou W, et al. Fractures characteristics in tight reservoir of the 3^rd Member of Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba area in northeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2014, 35(4): 395-398(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJSD201404006.htm
[12]	郭旭升, 胡东风, 黄仁春, 等. 四川盆地深层-超深层天然气勘探进展与展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2020, 40(5): 1-14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQG202005002.htm Guo X S, Hu D F, Huang R C, et al. Deep and ultra-deep natural gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin: Progress and prospect[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2020, 40(5): 1-14(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQG202005002.htm
[13]	陈龙博, 何登发, 王贝, 等. 川东北地区通南巴背斜中三叠世以来构造变形时间厘定及其地质意义[J]. 大地构造与成矿学, 2017, 41(3): 433-445. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DGYK201703001.htm Chen L B, He D F, Wang B, et al. Dating the tectonic deformation since the Middle Triassic for the Tongnanba anticline in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and its geological implications[J]. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 2017, 41(3): 433-445(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DGYK201703001.htm
[14]	黄进腊, 张哨楠, 刘成川, 等. 川东北元坝地区须家河组断层预测及发育特征[J]. 天然气技术与经济, 2013, 7(3): 3-6. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRJJ201303004.htm Huang J L, Zhang S N, Liu C C, et al. Fault prediction and development in Xujiahe Formation, Yuanba area, northeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Technology and Economy, 2013, 7(3): 3-6(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRJJ201303004.htm
[15]	季春辉, 段金宝, 熊治富, 等. 四川盆地元坝地区吴家坪组层序沉积特征及油气勘探意义[J]. 地质科技情报, 2018, 37(4): 146-152. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ201804020.htm Ji C H, Duan J B, Xiong Z F, et al. Sequence deposition characteristics and hydrocarbon exploration significance of the Wujiaping Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin[J]. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2018, 37(4): 146-152(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ201804020.htm
[16]	淡永. 川东北须家河组物源分析与沉积体系研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2011: 39-42. Dan Y. Analyses of the provenance and the depositional systems of Xujiahe Formation in northeast of Sichuan Basin[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2011: 39-42(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]	姚文礼. 四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源体系的控储作用[J]. 地质科技通报, 2021, 40(5): 223-230. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202105023.htm Yao W L. Reservoir control of tight sandstone provenance system in Xujiahe Formation, Sichuan Basin[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2021, 40(5): 223-230(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202105023.htm
[18]	贾爽, 李宏涛, 肖开华. 元坝地区须二段下亚段储层特征及优质储层主控因素[J]. 东北石油大学学报, 2014, 38(5): 15-22. Jia S, Li H T, Xiao K H. Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of high quality reservoir in the lower 2th Member of Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba area[J]. Journal of Northeast Petroleum University, 2014, 38(5): 15-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]	程立雪, 王威, 岳全玲, 等. 川东北地区须二段石英砂岩储层特征差异性[J]. 成都理工大学学报: 自然科学版, 2016, 43(2): 207-215. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDLG201602007.htm Cheng L X, Wang W, Yue Q L, et al. Differences of quartz sandstone reservoir characteristics for the Member 2 of Xujiahe Formation in northeastern Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology: Science & Technology Edition, 2016, 43(2): 207-215(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDLG201602007.htm
[20]	郝靖宇, 杜红权, 吴采西. 四川盆地元坝地区须二段石英滩坝特征及其发育的控制因素[J]. 天然气勘探与开发, 2015, 38(1): 1-4. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRKT201501002.htm Hao J Y, Du H Q, Wu C X. Quartzose-bar sandstone reservoir of Xujiahe 2 Member in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin[J]. Natural Gas Exploration and Development, 2015, 38(1): 1-4(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRKT201501002.htm
[21]	黎静容, 李毓, 程洪亮, 等. 元坝地区须三段沉积特征[J]. 西安石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 2013, 28(5): 43-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XASY201305008.htm Li J R, Li Y, Cheng H L, et al. Sedimentary characteristics of the third Member of Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba area[J]. Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University: Natural Science Edition, 2013, 28(5): 43-50(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XASY201305008.htm
[22]	王浩, 周文, 张冲. 元坝气藏须家河组三段储层特征与主控因素[J]. 西南石油大学学报: 自然科学版, 2016, 38(4): 19-26. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNSY201604003.htm Wang H, Zhou W, Zhang C. Reservoir characteristics and main controlling factor of the third Member of Xujiahe Formation in Yuanba gas reservoir[J]. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University: Science & Technology Edition, 2016, 38(4): 19-26(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNSY201604003.htm
[23]	沈敏, 秦华. 元坝须家河组须三段沉积厚度的控制因素[J]. 天然气技术与经济, 2011, 5(4): 3-5. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRJJ201104005.htm Shen M, Qin H. Factors affecting sedimentary thickness of Xujiahe 3 Member, Yuanba area[J]. Natural Gas Technology and Economy, 2011, 5(4): 3-5(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRJJ201104005.htm
[24]	鞠玮, 尤源, 冯胜斌, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组致密砂岩储层层理缝特征及成因[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(3): 596-605. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202003016.htm Ju W, You Y, Feng S B, et al. Characteristics and genesis of bedding-parallel fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs of Chang 7 oil layer, Ordos Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(3): 596-605(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202003016.htm
[25]	苟启洋, 徐尚, 郝芳, 等. 基于成像测井的泥页岩裂缝研究: 以焦石坝区块为例[J]. 地质科技通报, 2020, 39(6): 193-200. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202006021.htm Gou Q Y, Xu S, Hao F, et al. Research on mud shale fractures based on image logging: A case study of Jiaoshiba area[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2020, 39(6): 193-200(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202006021.htm
[26]	陈少伟, 刘建章. 含油气盆地微观裂缝脉体期次、成因与流体演化研究进展及展望[J]. 地质科技通报, 2021, 40(4): 81-92. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202104008.htm Chen S W, Liu J Z. Research progress and prospects of the stages, genesis and fluid evolution of micro-fracture veins in petroliferous basins[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2021, 40(4): 81-92(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ202104008.htm
[27]	范存辉, 秦启荣, 李虎, 等. 四川盆地元坝中部断褶带须家河组储层构造裂缝形成期次[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(10): 1135-1142. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201710004.htm Fan C H, Qin Q R, Li H, et al. Formation stages of structural fractures of Xujiahe Formation in the fault-fold belt of central Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(10): 1135-1142(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201710004.htm
[28]	曾联波, 吕鹏, 屈雪峰, 等. 致密低渗透储层多尺度裂缝及其形成地质条件[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(3): 449-454. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202003002.htm Zeng L B, Lv P, Qu X F, et al. Multi-scale fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs with low permeability and geological conditions of their development[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(3): 449-454(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT202003002.htm