Experimental investigation of the influence of pressure and temperature on the acoustic velocity and spectral characteristics of carbonate rocks
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摘要:
碳酸盐岩声波传播特征具有重要的应用价值，系统性地分析流体类型、流体压力、温度及围压对碳酸盐岩声波速度与频谱特性影响的研究仍需加强。选取四川盆地合川-潼南地区灯影组缝洞碳酸盐岩，开展了不同条件下的声波透射实验，分析了围压、孔隙压力、压力差、温度及流体类型对碳酸盐岩样品声波速度的影响及不同条件下透射声波的主频特征。研究结果表明：饱和地层水时声波速度对压力变化的敏感度较饱和氮气时低。压力变化过程中，声波速度变化幅度与岩样孔隙度为正相关关系。实验温度范围内，随着温度逐渐升高，饱和地层水、氮气岩心纵波速度、横波速度均小幅降低。当差应力较低时，通过改变孔隙压力来改变差应力的方式对应的声波速度大于通过改变围压来改变差应力方式对应的声波速度，当差应力较高时，结论相反。相同差应力条件下，声波速度对围压变化较孔隙压力变化更为敏感。定围压变孔隙压力与定孔压变围压曲线所对应的2条声波速度-差应力关系曲线的夹角及斜率差可定性反映岩样动态Biot有效应力系数相对大小。随着差应力增大，孔隙压力对有效应力的贡献逐渐降低。随着孔隙压力增大，纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐下降，随着围压增大，纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大，随着温度逐渐升高，纵波主频幅值、横波主频幅值均逐渐增大。研究结果有助于基于测井声波信息开展碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测相关理论研究及工程应用。
Abstract:The acoustic wave propagation characteristics of carbonate rocks have important application value. The systematic analysis of the effects of fluid type, fluid pressure, temperature and confining pressure on acoustic wave velocity and spectrum characteristics of carbonate rocks still needs to be strengthened. Carbonate rocks with pores and fractures mined from the Dengying Formation in the Hechuan and Tongnan areas, Sichuan Basin, were selected to carry out acoustic transmission experiments under different conditions. The effects of confining pressure, pore pressure, pressure difference, temperature and fluid category on the acoustic velocity of carbonate rocks and the dominant frequency characteristics of transmitted acoustic waves were analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of acoustic velocity to pressure change in saturated formation water is lower than that in saturated nitrogen. In the process of pressure change, the variation amplitude of acoustic velocity is positively correlated with the porosity of rock samples. Within the experimental temperature range, with increasing temperature, the P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity of the saturated formation water and nitrogen samples decreases lightly. When the differential stress is low, the acoustic velocity corresponding to the way of changing the differential stress by changing the pore pressure is greater than that by changing the confining pressure, and the conclusion is opposite when the differential stress is high. Under the same differential stress condition, the acoustic velocity is more sensitive to changes in the confining pressure than the changes of pore pressure. The included angle and slope difference of the two acoustic velocity-differential stress curves corresponding to constant confining pressure and constant pore pressure can qualitatively reflect the relative size of the dynamic Biot effective stress coefficient of carbonate rock samples. With increasing differential stress, the contribution of pore pressure to effective stress decreases gradually. With increasing pore pressure, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually decrease. With increasing confining pressure, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually increase. With increasing temperature, the dominant frequency amplitudes of the P-wave and S-wave gradually increase. The research results are helpful to the theoretical research and engineering application of pore pressure predictionin carbonate formation based on logging acoustic information.
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Key words:
- carbonate rock /
- acoustic wave /
- pressure /
- temperature /
- spectral charcteristics
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图 1 不同岩心声波波速与围压的关系
Figure 1. Relationship between the acoustic velocity of different rock samples and confining pressure
图 3 不同岩心声波波速与孔隙压力的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between the acoustic velocity of different rock samples and pore pressure
图 6 声波速度与差应力的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between the acoustic velocity and differential stress
图 7 岩心S3纵波速度与孔隙压力(a)及差应力(b)的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between the longitudinal wave velocity of rock sample S3 and pore pressure (a) and differential stress (b)
图 8 岩心S3的动态Biot有效应力系数与差应力的关系
Figure 8. Relationship between the dynamic effective stress coefficient and differential stress of rock sample S3
图 9 饱和氮气的岩心S1在不同条件下的声波频谱曲线
Figure 9. Acoustic spectrum curve of rock sample S1 saturated with nitrogen under different conditions
图 10 饱和氮气的岩心S1主频幅值与压力及温度的关系
Figure 10. Relationship between the dominant frequency amplitude of rock sample S1 saturated with nitrogen and pressure and temperature
表 1 岩样基础物性参数
Table 1. Basic physical parameters of the rock samples
岩心编号 长度/cm 直径/cm 干重/g 体积密度/(g·cm-3) 骨架密度/(g·cm-3) 围压/MPa 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 S1 9.06 6.54 836.65 2.75 2.83 5.00 4.57 12.816 S2 9.77 6.52 867.87 2.66 2.78 5.00 7.07 0.221 S3 9.84 6.51 900.55 2.75 2.80 5.00 3.22 0.106 S4 9.72 6.51 903.25 2.79 2.83 5.00 1.95 0.131 S5 9.61 6.52 884.46 2.76 2.83 5.00 3.89 0.034 S6 10.00 6.52 901.41 2.70 2.78 5.00 4.42 0.030 
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