Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of karst groundwater in middle and upper reaches of Dawen River basin
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摘要:
为查明大汶河流域中上游地区岩溶地下水水化学特征和离子来源, 基于2018年枯、丰两期采集的岩溶地下水样品水化学数据, 综合运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法, 对大汶河流域中上游地区岩溶地下水水化学特征及其控制因素进行了分析。结果表明，大汶河流域中上游地区枯、丰水期岩溶地下水的pH均值分别为7.6和7.5, 整体表现为弱碱性。岩溶地下水中Ca2+为占优势的阳离子, HCO3-和SO42-为主要阴离子。枯、丰期岩溶地下水中
ρ (TDS)均值分别为645.4, 648.4 mg/L。按照TDS划分, 大汶河流域中上游地区岩溶地下水均属于淡水或微咸水；枯、丰水期岩溶地下水水化学类型均以HCO3·SO4-Ca为主。岩石风化作用是控制区内岩溶地下水水化学特征的主要控制因素, 碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩矿物的溶解是地下水主要离子的重要来源。同时, 大汶河流域中上游地区岩溶地下水还受到了比较明显的人为输入影响, 地下水中NO3-主要来自于农业生产活动。该研究成果为水资源利用提供了指导作用。Abstract:To determine the hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources of karst groundwater in the middle and upper reaches of the Dawen River basin, based on karst groundwater samples collected in dry and wet periods in 2018, hydrochemical data were analyzed by means of mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram and ion ratios. The results showed that the average pH values of karst groundwater in dry and wet periods in the middle and upper reaches of the Dawen River basin were 7.6 and 7.5, respectively, showing weak alkaline conditions as a whole. Ca2+ was the dominant cation in karst groundwater, and HCO3- and SO42- were the main anions. The average contents of TDS in karst groundwater during the dry and wet periods were 645.4 mg/L and 648.4 mg/L, respectively. According to TDS, the karst groundwater in the upper and middle reaches of the Dawen River basin belonged to freshwater or brackish water; hydrochemical types of karst groundwater in dry and wet periods were mainly HCO3·SO4-Ca. Rock weathering was the main controlling factor affecting the hydrochemical characteristics of karst groundwater in the area. The dissolution of carbonate and silicate minerals was an important source of groundwater ions. At the same time, the karst groundwater in the upper and middle reaches of the Dawen River basin was also affected obviously by human activities, and NO3- in groundwater mainly came from agricultural production activities.
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图 1 研究区水文地质图及采样点位置
Q.第四系；E.古近系；O.奥陶系；∈.寒武系；Art.太古界
Figure 1. Hydrogeological map and sampling points in the study area
图 4 地下水Mg2+/Na+、HCO3-/Na+与Ca2+/Na+比值
Figure 4. Ratio of Mg2+/Na+ to HCO3-/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ elements in groundwater
图 6 岩溶地下水中NO3-/Na+与Cl-/Na+关系(a)及Cl-/NO3-与SO42-/NO3- (b)关系趋势图
Figure 6. Relationship between the ratio of NO3-/Na+ and Cl-/Na+ (a), Cl-/NO3- and SO42-/NO3- (b) in karst groundwater
表 1 地下水水化学统计结果
Table 1. Statistical results of groundwater hydrochemistry
时间 项目 K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- NO3- TH TDS pH ρB/(mg·L-1) 丰水期 平均值 1.3 23.4 151.2 25.7 60.6 142.5 287 87.1 483.4 648.4 7.5 最小值 0.26 3.7 49.7 1.5 8.5 18.3 74 8.6 153.6 228 6.9 最大值 8.3 90.9 348.3 52.5 274.8 468.8 587 272.9 1051 1 495 8 标准差 1.35 19.6 55.9 9.74 46.1 97.5 85.6 54.5 164.6 255.5 0.18 变异系数 1.04 0.84 0.37 0.38 0.76 0.68 0.30 0.63 0.34 0.39 0.02 枯水期 平均值 1.5 34.6 143 26.8 71 138.1 268 84.8 467.4 645.4 7.6 最小值 0.34 6.6 47.1 5.4 12.76 31.7 73 25 139.6 275 7.1 最大值 7.09 134.1 397.8 59.4 317 649.4 502 359.1 1196 1610 8.1 标准差 1.28 27.1 65.9 10 63.6 103.2 68.4 58 194.9 291.2 0.22 变异系数 0.85 0.78 0.46 0.37 0.90 0.75 0.26 0.68 0.42 0.45 0.03 
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表 2 地下水主要化学组分相关关系矩阵
Table 2. Correlation coefficients between major ions in groundwater
项目 丰水期 K+ Na+ Ca+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- NO3- TH TDS K+ 1 Na+ 0.356** 1 Ca+ 0.383** 0.696** 1 Mg2+ 0.261* 0.373** 0.538** 1 Cl- 0.544** 0.737** 0.772** 0.454** 1 SO42- 0.445** 0.658** 0.801** 0.686** 0.642** 1 HCO3- -0.064 0.431** 0.603** 0.375** 0.234 0.287* 1 NO3- 0.307* 0.430** 0.593** 0.239 0.492** 0.285* 0.183 1 TH 0.388** 0.681** 0.979** 0.700** 0.765** 0.846** 0.602** 0.561** 1 TDS 0.456** 0.798** 0.966** 0.643** 0.818** 0.861** 0.530** 0.623** 0.976** 1 项目 枯水期 K+ Na+ Ca+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- NO3- TH TDS K+ 1 Na+ 0.573** 1 Ca+ 0.25 0.630** 1 Mg2+ 0.313* 0.538** 0.678** 1 Cl- 0.494** 0.857** 0.795** 0.621** 1 SO42- 0.292* 0.623** 0.862** 0.759** 0.694** 1 HCO3- -0.03 0.400** 0.545** 0.438** 0.267* 0.388** 1 NO3- 0.287* 0.322* 0.623** 0.381** 0.495** 0.300* 0.15 1 TH 0.278* 0.646** 0.988** 0.784** 0.803** 0.889** 0.553** 0.607** 1 TDS 0.395** 0.776** 0.968** 0.765** 0.874** 0.882** 0.511** 0.620** 0.979** 1 *表示在0.05水平上显著相关；**表示在0.01水平上显著相关
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