Structure of karst water system and hydrological circulation characteristics of Lianghu Tunnel in Wuhan
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摘要:
武汉市两湖隧道是国内最长、世界规模最大的城市湖底隧道, 其东湖段穿越岩溶区, 识别其岩溶水系统结构对隧道建设和运营安全具有重要意义。为查明区内岩溶水系统结构及水循环特征, 综合利用地质及水文地质勘探、水文地球化学分析等方法刻画了岩溶含水系统边界, 总结了岩溶发育规律, 识别了洞穴沉积物来源, 分析了岩溶水与孔隙水和地表水之间的水力联系, 探讨了岩溶水循环模式。结果表明: 研究区可划分为南北2个岩溶含水系统, 北段岩溶含水系统的岩溶发育程度强于南段岩溶含水系统, 北段和南段岩溶含水系统由断层带连通而具有统一的水力联系。洞穴沉积物主要来源于第四系残积层和洞穴围岩风化。第四系冲洪积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的水力联系较弱, 而第四系残积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的联系紧密。本研究利用多种技术方法精细刻画湖底隧道的岩溶水系统结构, 可服务于隧道工程的涌突水风险评价和安全施工。
Abstract:Among the underlake tunnels in the urban areas, the Lianghu Tunnel in Wuhan is the longest one of China and the largest one in the world.The East Lake part of this tunnel passes through the karst area. Identifying its karst water system structure is of great significance to the safety of tunnel construction and operation.To reveal the structure of the karst water system and the characteristics of the water cycle in the area, a comprehensive method of geological-hydrogeological investigation and hydrogeochemical analysis was conducted to characterize the boundary of the karst aquifer system, summarize the karst development law, identify the source of cave sediments, analyze the hydraulic connection between karst water, pore water and surface water, as well as discuss the hydrological circulation model of the karst water system.The results show that the study area can be divided into two karst aquifer systems, the north and the south.The karst development degree is stronger in the northern karst aquifer system than that in the southern karst aquifer system but has a unified hydraulic connection through the fault zone. The cave sediments mainly derived from Quaternary residual layers and the weathering of the cave surrounding rock.The pore water in the Quaternary alluvial-pluvial aquifer has a weak hydraulic connection with karst water, while the pore water in the Quaternary residual aquifer has a close hydraulic connection with karst water.The karst water system structures of underlake tunnels were characterized by a variety of techniques and methods, which helps the risk assessment of water inrush and the safe construction of tunnel engineering.
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图 2 武汉市大桥向斜水文地质图
1.三叠系大冶组裂隙岩溶含水岩组；2.石炭系黄龙组-二叠系茅口组裂隙岩溶含水岩组；3.泥盆系五通组基岩裂隙含水岩组；4.白垩系-古近系公安寨组孔隙裂隙含水岩组；5.二叠系孤峰组-大隆组隔水岩组；6.志留系坟头组隔水岩组；7.断层；8.地表水界线；9.地下水流向；10.研究区范围
Figure 2. Hydrogeological map of the Wuhan Daqiao syncline
图 3 武汉两湖隧道区水文地质图
碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶含水岩组：1.大冶组三-四段(T1d3-4)含水岩组; 2.大冶组一-二段(T1d1-2)含水岩组; 3.二叠系茅口组(P2m)含水岩组; 4.二叠系栖霞组(P2q)含水岩组; 5.石炭系大埔组+黄龙组(C2d+h)含水岩组。碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组：8.泥盆系五通组(D3w)含水岩组；相对隔水层：6.龙潭组+大隆组(P3l+d)；7.孤峰组(P2g)；9.坟头组(S1f)
Figure 3. Hydrogeological map of the Lianghu Tunnel in Wuhan
图 4 Ⅰ-Ⅰ′水文地质剖面图
1.第四系上更新统-全新统冲洪积层；2.第四系残积层；3.三叠系大冶组三-四段；4.三叠系大冶组一-二段；5.二叠系龙潭组+大隆组；6.二叠系孤峰组；7.二叠系茅口组；8.二叠系栖霞组；9.志留系坟头组；10.粉砂岩；11.泥质粉砂岩；12.炭质页岩；13.硅质岩；14.灰岩；15.泥质条带灰岩；16.砂屑灰岩；17.断层破碎带；18.断层
Figure 4. Hydrogeological section along the line Ⅰ-Ⅰ′
图 5 大桥向斜岩溶含水系统结构示意图
1.第四系覆盖层；2.三叠系岩溶含水层；3.石炭系-二叠系岩溶含水层；4.白垩系-古近系孔隙裂隙含水层；5.长江阶地第四系含水层；6、中上二叠统相对隔水层；7.志留系-泥盆系相对隔水层；8.断层；9.地下水流向；10.地表水流向
Figure 5. Sketch of the karst aquifer system in the Daqiao syncline
图 6 研究区溶洞垂向分布统计图
Figure 6. Statistical diagram of the vertical distribution of karst caves in the study area
图 7 钻孔ZK1沉积物主量元素质量分数关系图
Figure 7. Relationship diagram of major element concentrations in the sediments of ZK1 borehole
图 8 研究区不同类型水样Piper三线图
Figure 8. Piper trilinear chart of different water samples in the study area
图 9 研究区不同类型水样δD-δ18O关系图
Figure 9. Cross plot of δD-δ18O of different water samples in the study area
图 10 岩溶水系统中Sr2+/Mg2+-TDS(a)与Na+/Cl--Cl-关系图(b)
Figure 10. Cross plots of Sr2+/Mg2+-TDS and Na+/Cl--Cl- in the karst water system
图 11 孔隙含水层与岩溶含水层关系图
Figure 11. Diagram of the relationship between the pore aquifer and karst aquifer
图 12 两湖隧道岩溶水系统水循环示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of hydrological circulation in the karst water system of the Lianghu Tunnel
表 1 水化学与氘氢同位素统计平均值
Table 1. Statistical mean values of water chemistry and deuterium-hydrogen isotope
水样类型 钻孔编号 地层代号 取样深度/m 取样数量/件 K+ Na+ Mg 2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- TDS Eh/mV δD/‰ δ18O/‰ ρB/(mg·L-1) 地表水 东湖水 — 湖面 5 4.9 16.9 8.8 35.6 0.2 18.4 30.6 108.2 172.5 194.0 -31.0 -4.4 孔隙水 ZK1-1 Qpel 12.0 1 1.3 19.3 13.3 86.5 0.4 16.0 18.1 257.6 258.6 -439.0 -40.9 -6.2 ZK3-1 Q3-4al+pl 13.1 2 1.5 61.6 21.9 77.6 0.5 11.2 24.3 455.0 431.1 -495.0 -44.7 -6.9 岩溶水 ZK1 P2m 58.9 5 1.3 15.3 12.3 103.5 0.4 12.8 15.7 354.1 346.4 232.0 -46.4 -7.1 ZK2 T1d2 33.9 3 1.4 17.0 14.7 84.9 0.5 8.5 13.8 340.9 322.1 285.0 -45.7 -7.2 ZK3 T1d2 34.0 4 1.2 33.3 19.6 110.4 2.4 9.0 13.3 468.3 440.9 297.0 -48.3 -7.5 ZK5 T1d3-4 56.1 5 1.0 14.3 13.9 74.6 1.7 9.5 12.3 371.1 322.5 283.0 -46.1 -7.3 注：所有水样时间均取自2021年6月；取样深度为距离湖底埋深 
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