Water sources of typical plants during the rainy season in desertification areas of the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China
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摘要:
中国北方农牧交错带是中东部地区重要的生态安全屏障, 由于其系统结构脆弱、生态环境问题多发、土地沙化严重, 开展生态修复工作显得十分重要。植物-土壤水分关系作为土地沙化区生态水文过程的重要组成部分, 研究二者的转化过程对于了解植物吸水模式、确定生态修复的首选植物种非常关键。以河北省张家口市康保县北部为例, 基于雨季的大气降水、地下水、土壤水和植物水的氢氧同位素特征, 分析了主要植物的吸水层位、生态位宽度和水分竞争关系。结果表明, 柠条以吸收80~100 cm深度土壤水为主, 吸水比例最大可达87.7%, 油菜花以吸收0~20 cm深度土壤水为主, 吸水比例最大可达82.3%, 狼针的吸水层位与土壤含水率有关, 在含水率较高的深度吸水比例更大, 栉叶蒿的吸水深度较为均衡, 各植物种的生态位宽度均较大, 但部分植物间存在较强的水分竞争关系。本研究为中国北方农牧交错带土地沙化区的植物水源来源识别和生态修复提供了科学依据。
Abstract:The agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China is an important ecological security barrier for central and eastern China. Ecological restoration in this zone is very important due to its fragile ecosystem structure, frequent ecological and environmental problems, and severe land desertification. The plant-soil water relationship is essential to ecological and hydrological processes in land desertification areas. Studying the water conversion process between plants and soil is of great importance for understanding the water absorption patterns of plants and determining the preferred plant species for ecological restoration. Taking northern Kangbao County, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province as the study area, this study analyzed the water uptake layer, ecological niche width, and water competition of typical plants based on the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic characteristics of rainfall, groundwater, soil water, and xylem water during the rainy season, were analyzed. The results showed that
Caragana korshinskii mainly absorbed soil water at a depth of 80-100 cm, with a maximum water uptake rate of 87.7%, whileBrassica campestris mainly absorbed soil water at a depth of 0-20 cm, with a maximum water uptake rate of 82.3%. The water absorption layer ofStipa baicalensis was related to the soil moisture content, and the depth of water absorption ofNeopallasia pectinata was more balanced. The ecological niche of each plant species is relatively wide, but there is intense water competition among some plants. This study provides a scientific basis for identifying plant water sources and ecological restoration in desertification areas of the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China. -
图 1 康保县多年逐月平均气温与降水量分布图
Figure 1. Distribution of multi-year monthly average temperature and precipitation in Kangbao County
图 2 研究区位置、高程与样方分布图
Figure 2. Map showing the location and elevation of the study area with quadrat distribution
图 3 研究区浅层包气带结构照片
Figure 3. Photographs showing the structure of the shallow vadose zone in the study area
图 5 研究区大气降水、地下水、土壤水、植物水样品的δD和δ18O关系
Figure 5. Relationships between δD and δ18O values of rainfall, groundwater, soil water, and plant xylem water samples in the study area
图 6 不同生境地下水、土壤水、植物水样品和大气降水样品δD和δ18O组成
Figure 6. δD and δ18O values of groundwater, soil water, and plant xylem water samples from the four habitats and rainfall samples
表 1 主要植物种特征
Table 1. Characteristics of the main plant species
中文名 拉丁学名 属种 生长周期 分布范围 狼针草 Stipa baicalensis Roshev. 禾本目针茅属 多年生草本植物，花期7-8月份，果期8-9月份 主要分布于温带干旱、半干旱地区草甸草原 柠条锦鸡儿 Caragana korshinskii Kom. 蔷薇目锦鸡儿属 多年生木本植物，花期5月份，果期6月份 主要分布于干旱地区半固定、固定沙地 油菜花 Brassica campestris L. 罂粟目芸薹属 一年生草本植物，花期1-3月份 主要分布于长江流域 栉叶蒿 Neopallasia pectinata (Pall.) Poljak. 桔梗目栉叶蒿属 一年或多年生草本植物，花果期7-9月份 主要分布于荒漠、河谷砾石地与山坡荒地 
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表 2 样方的位置、优势植物与取样日期
Table 2. Location, dominant plants, and sampling date of each quadrat
样方 坐标 生境 优势植物 取样日期 Q1 114°36′21″E，42°06′03″N 轻度沙化低地 狼针、柠条、油菜花 2020年8月11日 Q2 114°33′11″E，42°02′04″N 中度沙化沙丘 狼针、柠条、油菜花、栉叶蒿 2020年8月12日 Q3 114°39′10″E，42°02′26″N 轻度沙化沙丘 狼针、柠条、油菜花 2020年8月14日 Q4 114°40′40″E，42°09′40″N 中度沙化低地 狼针、柠条 2020年8月16日
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表 3 各潜在水源对植物用水来源的贡献率
Table 3. Contribution of each potentiol water sources to plant water uptake
样方 植物 δ18O/‰ 潜在水源的贡献率/% [0, 20) cm土壤水 [20, 40) cm土壤水 [40, 60) cm土壤水 [60, 80) cm土壤水 [80, 100] cm土壤水 Q1 狼针 -4.47 12.2 12.5 17.4 25.4 32.6 柠条 -2.08 3.6 3.9 5.8 8.2 78.5 油菜花 0.59 37.4 36.7 13.9 8.1 4.0 Q2 狼针 -6.03 21.4 24.8 25.1 18.7 9.9 柠条 -1.65 2.1 2.7 2.9 4.5 87.7 油菜花 -0.80 40.7 24.0 21.0 9.6 4.7 栉叶蒿 -2.36 15.1 19.1 19.8 26.5 19.5 Q3 狼针 -3.32 9.5 12.1 15.8 30.3 32.3 柠条 -5.60 31.2 29.5 20.6 10.6 8.1 油菜花 -1.66 82.3 9.2 4.8 2.1 1.6 Q4 狼针 -6.05 70.5 25.0 2.4 1.2 0.9 柠条 -2.29 5.9 6.2 11.3 31.2 45.4
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表 4 各植物生态位宽度指数
Table 4. Ecological niche width index of each plant
植物种类 狼针 柠条 油菜花 栉叶蒿 NBI 0.36~0.93 0.26~0.82 0.29~0.72 0.97
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表 5 各样方植物间的相似性比例指数
Table 5. Proportional similarity index among plants in each quadrat
样方 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 柠条与狼针 0.54 0.22 0.56 0.17 柠条与油菜花 0.25 0.17 0.49 - 狼针与油菜花 0.51 0.81 0.27 - 栉叶蒿与柠条 - 0.32 - - 栉叶蒿与狼针 - 0.83 - - 栉叶蒿与油菜花 - 0.68 - -
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