Indicative significance of hydrochemical characteristics in geothermal resource investigations in the Enshi Basin
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摘要:
地热资源是一种宝贵的清洁能源, 恩施盆地蕴含丰富的地热资源, 探明地热形成机理具有重要意义。从地热水化学特征和同位素特征入手, 结合恩施盆地水文、地热地质条件, 采用Piper三线图法、主要离子相关分析法等探讨分析了恩施盆地地下热水地球化学特征及其主要离子补给来源; 选取适宜的二氧化硅温标法解决了热储温度难以准确测量的问题; 利用氢氧同位素测试技术, 示踪判定了地下热水的补给来源、循环深度及补给高程。研究结果显示: 恩施盆地地下热水的水化学类型主要为SO4·Cl-Na型水, 水中离子以SO42-, Cl-, Na+为主, 地下热水中TDS与Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-有极好的正相关性, 而地下热水中TDS远高于冷泉, 分析认为是由于地下热水在演化过程中埋藏深度大、径流途径长、溶解—溶滤作用强烈, 更容易从围岩中萃取相关离子, 从而导致离子浓度远高于地表水; 研究区内地下热水主要接受大气降水补给; 地下热水14C, 34S同位素特征均表明盆地边缘到盆地中心地下热水储存环境逐渐封闭, 地下热水滞留时间逐渐变长, 水-岩反应程度逐渐变强; 水-岩平衡判定结果表明, 热水中SiO2的浓度受石英的溶解平衡控制, 利用SiO2地热温标估算热储温度为55.74~58.24℃, 热储埋深为1 793~1 906 m, 热水循环深度为1 823~1 936 m; 根据大气降水
δ 18O的高程效应估算地下热水的补给高程为1 022.64~1 109.00 m, 依据研究区高程范围确定地下热水补给区主要为盆地西侧寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩低中山区。Abstract:Objective Geothermal resources are valuable clean resources, and the Enshi Basin contains abundant geothermal resources. It is very important to expore the origin of geothermal resources.
Methods Starting from the chemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal water, combined with the hydrological and geothermal geological conditions of the Enshi Basin, the following works have been performed. The geochemical characteristics and main ion recharge sources of geothermal water in the Enshi Basin are discussed and analyzed by the Piper diagram method and main ion correlation analysis method. In this study, the appropriate silica temperature scale method is used to solve the problem that it is difficult to accurately measure the heat storage temperature. Using hydrogen and oxygen isotope testing technology, the recharge source, circulation depth and recharge elevation of geothermal water are determined.
Results Results show that the hydrochemical type of geothermal water in the Enshi Basin is mainly SO4·Cl-Na water, and the main ions in the groundwater are SO42-, Cl- and Na+. There is a good positive correlation between TDS in geothermal water and Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42-, while TDS in geothermal water is much higher than that in cold springs.It is due to the large burial depth, long runoff path and strong dissolution leaching action, which makes it easier to extract relevant ions from the surrounding rock and results in ion concentrations much higher than those of surface water. The hot water in the study area is mainly supplied by atmospheric precipitation, and the 14C and 34S isotopic characteristics of geothermal water show that the storage environment of geothermal water from the edge of the basin to the center of the basin is gradually closed, the retention time of geothermal water is gradually longer, and the degree of water rock reaction is gradually stronger. The results of the water-rock balance show that the concentration of SiO2 in hot water is controlled by the dissolution balance of quartz.Using the SiO2 geothermal temperature scale, the estimated thermal storage temperature is 55.74-58.24 ℃, the burial depth of thermal storage is 1 793-1 906 m, and the circulating depth of hot water is 1 823-1 936 m. The recharge elevation of geothermal water is estimated to be 1 022.64-1 109.00 m, according to the elevation effect of
δ O of atmospheric precipitation.Conclusion According to the elevation range of the study area, the geothermal water recharge area is mainly the low and middle mountain area of Cambrian Ordovician carbonate rocks in the western part of the basin.
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图 1 研究区水文地质简图
1.第四系松散岩类孔隙弱含(透)水层; 2.上白垩统跑马岗组砂岩裂隙相对隔水层；3.中三叠统巴东组四段砂页岩隔水层；4.中三叠统巴东组三段岩溶裂隙含水层；5.中三叠统巴东组二段砂页岩隔水层；6.中三叠统巴东组一段岩溶裂隙含水层；7.下-中三叠统嘉陵江组岩溶裂隙含水层组；8.下三叠统大冶组岩溶裂隙含水层组；9.二叠系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层组；10.石炭系-泥盆系砂岩裂隙弱含水层组；11.奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层；12.上寒武统-下奥陶统娄山关组岩溶裂隙含水层；13.志留系隔水层；14.地质界线；15.角度不整合地质界线；16.断层；17.热泉取水样点；18.冷泉、河水取水样点；19.推测地下水流向；20.地热钻孔取样点
Figure 1. Hydrogeological diagram of the study area
图 2 研究区地热成因概念模式图
1.第四系弱含水层；2.白垩系跑马岗组(盖层)；3.三叠系碳酸盐岩含水层；4.二叠系碳酸盐岩含水层；5.石炭系-泥盆系碳酸盐岩层；6.志留系砂岩层(隔水层)；7.奥陶系碳酸盐岩层(热储层)；8.寒武系碳酸盐岩层(热储层)；9.恩施大断裂；10.粉砂岩；11.砂岩；12.砾岩；13.灰岩；14.泥质灰岩；15.生物碎屑灰岩；16.云质灰岩；17.炭质泥岩；18.泥质粉砂岩；19.粉砂质泥岩；20.燧石结核灰岩；21.瘤状灰岩；22.龟裂纹灰岩；23.地层产状；24.大气降水；25.冷(热)水流向；26.大地热流
Figure 2. Conceptual model map of geothermal genesis in the study area
图 3 河水、热泉水、钻孔热水样品δDVSMOW-δ18OVSMOW图解
Figure 3. δDVSMOW-δ18OVSMOW diagram of river water, hot spring water, and drilling hot water samples
图 6 研究区地下热水主要离子与TDS的关系图
Figure 6. Relationship diagram of main ions and TDS concentration in geothermal water
图 7 研究区冷泉水和河水主要离子与TDS的关系图
Figure 7. Relationship between main ions and TDS concentration in cold spring water or river water samples
图 8 研究区内地下热水温度与ρ(SiO2)关系图
Figure 8. Relationship between temperature and SiO2 content of underground hot water in the study area
图 9 研究区地下热水Na-K-Mg平衡三角图
Figure 9. Na-K-Mg balance triangle of geothermal water in the study area
表 1 水样类型及分析测试项目统计
Table 1. Statistical table of water sample types and analysis test items
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ 同位素测试项目 水质测试项目 采样点位 SY01 岩池热泉 21.3 18O、D、T HCO3-，Cl-，SO42-，CO32-，K+，Na+，Ca2+，Mg2+，F，Br，I，SiO2，B，H2S，Al，Pb，Zn，Cs，Fe2+，Mn，Li，Sr，Cu，pH，耗氧量、总硬度、暂时硬度、永久硬度、溶解性总固体(TDS) 岩池热泉点 SY02 热泉 25.0 18O、D、T 岩池热泉北100 m热泉 SY03 冷泉 15.2 松树坪冷泉点SY03 SY04 冷泉 15.6 松树坪冷泉点SY04 SY05 冷泉 14.6 褶皱泉点SY05 SY06 冷泉 16.0 金龙坝泉点SY06 Sy05 冷泉 14.5 小龙潭冷泉Sy05 Sy06 冷泉 15.5 小龙潭冷泉Sy06 S06 岩池热泉 21.3 18O、D、T、34S 岩池热泉点 S08 冷泉 17.0 冷泉点S08 S09 冷泉 18.0 冷泉点S09 HS01 清江河水 17.0 18O、D、T、34S 河水监测点HS01 JZ1 不同时期热水 44.2 18O、D、T、34S ZK1钻孔 JZ2 44.2 18O、D、T、34S ZK1钻孔 ZK01 44.2 18O、D、T、14C ZK1钻孔 Q6 44.2 ZK1钻孔 Q7 冷泉 16.0 泉点Q7 Q8 冷泉 16.0 泉点Q8 Q9 冷泉 17.0 泉点Q9 Q10 岩池热泉 25.0 岩池热泉点 Q11 冷泉 17.0 泉点Q11 Q12 冷泉 16.0 泉点Q12 Q13 冷泉 17.0 泉点Q13 
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表 2 各水样化学成分分析结果
Table 2. Results table of chemical composition analysis of water samples
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ 阳离子质量浓度/(mg·L-1) 阴离子质量浓度/(mg·L-1) pH ρ(TDS)/ (mg·L-1) Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- SO42- HCO3- SY01 岩池热泉 21.3 71.33 6.09 97.75 20.51 127.04 113.11 244.20 7.22 611.00 S06 岩池热泉 21.3 76.75 7.10 90.23 14.82 123.98 94.70 228.05 7.74 548.81 Q6-1 丰水期钻孔热水 44.2 1 083.66 80.61 566.2 155.9 1 827 1 824.75 163.22 7.94 5 647.39 Q6-2 枯水期钻孔热水 44.2 1 127.02 52.58 544.3 153.1 1 771.15 1 887.86 154.86 8.07 5 640.7 SY02 热泉 25 980.87 22.02 295.60 62.05 1 375.83 985.70 187.31 7.59 3 903.0 SY04 冷泉 15.6 5.45 3.40 73.56 23.14 7.94 55.90 235.26 6.84 293.50 SY05 冷泉 14.6 7.41 1.84 29.60 9.63 2.64 22.14 125.58 6.87 165.40 Sy05 冷泉 14.5 5.38 1.03 23.90 8.18 0.60 58.86 51.13 7.36 139.3 Sy06 冷泉 15.5 11.55 3.57 78.17 14.66 9.47 68.08 221.55 7.56 332.7 S08 冷泉 17.0 3.08 0.72 89.41 5.50 2.67 37.65 243.48 7.45 270.73 S09 冷泉 18.0 4.06 1.50 84.34 4.00 7.60 44.25 194.44 7.56 274.41 Q7 冷泉 16.0 3.04 2.99 77.05 8.02 3.27 58.10 195.09 7.45 272.53 Q8 冷泉 16.0 5.40 2.86 71.44 7.53 6.97 28.08 200.89 8.04 261.18 Q9 冷泉 17.0 8.08 2.53 21.47 1.95 3.31 10.38 77.54 7.80 130.87 Q11 冷泉 17.0 20.75 4.66 76.58 16.68 23.77 48.52 248.51 8.37 330.39 Q12 冷泉 16.0 2.61 2.98 68.03 3.73 4.16 17.45 181.98 8.25 218.08 Q13 冷泉 17.0 1.98 1.67 37.64 8.57 1.50 11.73 145.16 8.37 157.48 HS01 清江河水 17.0 4.19 2.27 57.32 7.05 4.90 39.53 156.03 8.37 209.16
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表 3 各水样微量元素分析结果
Table 3. Analysis results of trace elements in water samples
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ B F I Br Sr ρB/(mg·L-1) SY01 岩池 21.3 0.05 0.24 0.00 0.02 1.55 S06 热泉 21.3 0.04 0.54 0.00 0.22 1.50 Q6-1 ZK1钻 44.2 1.39 2.40 0.03 2.55 8.95 Q6-2 孔热水 44.2 0.47 0.01 0.00 0.00 15.52 SY02 热泉 25.0 0.48 2.06 0.02 0.26 13.90 SY04 冷泉 15.6 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.42 SY05 冷泉 14.6 0.01 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.11 Sy05 冷泉 14.5 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.11 Sy06 冷泉 15.5 0.02 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.72 S08 冷泉 17.0 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.46 S09 冷泉 18.0 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.49 Q7 冷泉 16.0 0.01 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.80 Q8 冷泉 16.0 0.01 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.55 Q9 冷泉 17.0 0.00 0.26 0.03 0.39 0.07 Q11 冷泉 17.0 0.02 0.66 0.00 0.36 0.61 Q12 冷泉 16.0 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.71 Q13 冷泉 17.0 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.12 HS01 河水 17.0 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.62
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表 4 热泉、钻孔热水、河水样品氢氧同位素分析结果
Table 4. Results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of hot spring, borehole hot water and river water samples
样号 水样类型 δDVSMOW/‰ δ18OVSMOW/‰ T/TU SY01 岩池热泉 -39 -6.5 7.2±0.8 SY02 热泉 -56 -8.4 3.5±0.7 S06 岩池热泉 -54 -8.0 6.9±0.8 HS01 清江河水 -57 -8.5 6.5±0.8 JZ1 -66.15 -9.74 1.9±0.1 JZ2 ZK1钻孔热水 -67.02 -9.92 2.0±0.1 ZK01 -66.86 -9.93 2.1
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表 5 地下热水补给高程计算成果
Table 5. Estimated results of the recharge elevation of the geothermal water
样号 水样类型 水样δ18OVSMOW/‰ 大气降水δ18O高度梯度/(‰·10-2m-1) 取样点高程/m 地热水补给高程/m JZ1 -9.74 -0.22 459.0 1 022.64 JZ2 ZK1钻孔热水 -9.92 -0.22 459.0 1 104.45 ZK01 -9.93 -0.22 459.0 1 109.00 HS01 清江河水 -8.5 435.0
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表 6 热泉水、河水、钻孔热水样品硫、氧同位素分析结果
Table 6. Sulfur and oxygen isotope analysis results of hot spring water, river water and borehole hot water samples
样号 水样类型 δ34S/‰ δ18O/‰ S06 岩池热泉水 23.0 -8.0 HS01 清江河水 6.8 -8.5 JZ1 ZK1钻孔热水 36.2 -9.74 JZ2 ZK1钻孔热水 36.2 -9.92
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表 7 热泉水样、钻孔热水样中SiO2质量浓度与温度统计
Table 7. Statistics of SiO2 content and temperature of hot spring water samples and borehole hot water samples
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ 采样点位 ρ(SiO2)/ (mg·L-1) SY01 岩池热泉 21.33 岩池热泉点S6 9.06 Q10 岩池热泉 21.3 岩池热泉点 7.88 ZK01 不同时期采 44.2 ZK1钻孔 17.22 Q6 取钻孔热水 44.2 ZK1钻孔 16.13
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表 8 热泉水样、钻孔热水样钠钾镁含量与温度统计
Table 8. Statistics of sodium, potassium and magnesium content and temperature of hot spring water samples and borehole hot water samples
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ 采样点位 Na+ K+ Mg2+ ρB/(mg·L-1) SY01 岩池热泉 21.3 岩池热泉点S6 71.33 6.09 20.51 Q10 岩池热泉 21.3 岩池热泉点 20.75 4.66 16.68 ZK01 不同时期采 44.2 ZK1钻孔 1 231.00 60.81 172.53 Q6 取钻孔热水 44.2 ZK1钻孔 1 083.66 80.61 155.92
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表 9 不同温标热储温度估算成果及误差统计
Table 9. Statistics and error statistics of temperature estimation results of geothermal reservoirs with different temperature scales
样号 水样类型 水样温度/℃ Na+ K+ Ca2+ SiO2 Na-K-Ca温标 误差/ % 石英温标 误差/% 平均温度T/℃ ρB/(mg·L-1) 估算温度T/℃ 估算温度T/℃ SY01 岩池热泉 21.3 71.33 6.09 97.75 9.06 97.80 359 36.31 70 67.06 Q10 岩池热泉 21.3 20.75 4.66 76.58 7.88 102.88 383 31.98 50 67.30 ZK01 不同时期 44.2 1 231.00 60.81 574.39 17.22 134.52 204 58.24 32 96.38 Q6 采取ZK1钻孔热水 44.2 1 083.66 80.61 566.2 16.13 149.16 237 55.74 26 102.45
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