基于FLAC<sup>3D</sup>与无人机航测的全部垮落法采煤塌陷分析

摘要:
内蒙古串草圪旦煤矿位于黄河中游上段，其全部垮落法采煤导致大面积塌陷，地表生态和环境问题频发。为研究采空区地表裂缝发育规律及塌陷应力与位移场演化特征以串草圪旦煤矿6102工作面为研究对象，利用无人机航测查清了地表裂缝分布范围及规律，构建了FLAC^3D数值模型并计算分析了采空区围岩应力及位移变化，将分析结果与无人机航测结果进行了相互验证。结果表明：(1)塌陷主要以地裂缝为表现形式，主要分布于矿区西北部及中西部。工作面发育2类地裂缝，一类为弧形阶梯式裂缝群，呈平行分布且以间隔5~20 m出现，大部分形成阶梯式高度为15~130 cm的错台，裂缝以3°~5°的偏角垂直工作面推进方向发育；另一类为直线型边缘裂缝带，拉张破坏严重，平行工作面外围呈带状发育，少数可展布于工作面内部，最外围裂缝至工作面的距离分别为38，53 m。(2)由于地下煤层开挖，采空区顶板出现明显的"马鞍状"拉应力集中区，且随着开挖的推进地表集中区拉应力先增大后减小，最大值为0.181 MPa；(3)采空区顶部完全垮塌，地表垂直位移最大值在采空区正中间，最大值约5.5 m；地表水平位移最大值位于采空区煤柱正上方，最大值1.93 m。(4)数值模拟计算的沉降量、裂缝角与无人机航测数据基本一致。研究成果可为煤层开采带来的生态环境问题解决方案提供参考依据。
- 全部垮落法 /
- 采煤塌陷 /
- FLAC^3D /
- 数值模拟 /
- 无人机 /
- 串草圪旦煤矿
Abstract: Objective
Total caving coal mining in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia has resulted in large areas of subsidence, causing frequent ecological and environmental problems on the surface.
Methods
For the study of the surface crack development rule of the goaf and collapse stress and the displacement field evolution characteristics, for a string of the Chuancaogedan Coal Mine 6102 working face as the research object. The distribution range and rule of surface cracks were found by UAV aerial survey, a FLAC^3D numerical model was constructed to analyze the variation of stress and displacement of surrounding rock in goaf.
Results
The results of the analysis were combined with the results of UAV mutual authentication. The results show that (1) The collapse is mainly in the form of ground fissures, which are mainly distributed in the northwest and midwest of the mine. There are two types of ground fractures in the working face. One type of arc-shaped stepped fracture group is distributed in parallel and appears at intervals of 5-20 m. Most of them form staggered platforms with a step height of 15-130 cm, and the fractures develop in the direction of the vertical working face advance at a deviation angle of 3°-5°. For the other kind of linear edge crack belts, exhibiting severe tensile damage, were observed along the working face peripheral, belt development can occur, a few can be spread in the inside of the working face, and the distance from the outermost crack to the working face is 38.53 m. (2) During the excavation of the underground coal seam, an obvious saddle-shaped tensile stress concentration area appears in the roof of the goaf, and with the advance of excavation, the tensile stress in the surface concentration area first increases and then decreases, with a maximum value of 0.181 MPa. (3) Complete collapse occurred at the top of the goaf, with the maximum surface vertical displacement of approximately 5.5 m located at the middle of the goaf. The maximum surface horizontal displacement was located above the coal pillar of the goaf, with a maximum value of 1.93 m. (4) Numerical simulation results regarding settlement and crack angles were found to align closely with the UAV survey data.
Conclusion
The research results can provide a reference for the solution of ecological environmental problems caused by coal seam mining.
- total caving method /
- coal mining collapse /
- FLAC^3D /
- numerical simulation /
- UAV /
- Chuancaogedan Coal Mine
注释:

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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图 1 串草圪旦矿区位置图

Figure 1. Location of the Chuancaogedan Coal Mine area

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图 2 串草圪旦煤矿I-I′地质剖面

Figure 2. I-I′ geological section of Chuancaogedan Coal Mine

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图 3 研究技术路线

Figure 3. Research technical route

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图 4 无人机航线图

Figure 4. Map of UAV route

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图 5 工作区0.05 m航飞正射遥感影像

Figure 5. 0.05 m aero-flying ortho remote sensing image in working area

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图 6 局部放大的工作区航飞影像(DOM)(a)和立体地貌(DSM)(b)

Figure 6. Local magnified navigation image(DOM)(a) and stereo landform(DSM) (b) of workspace

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图 7 6102工作面地裂缝分布图

Figure 7. Distribution of the ground cracks in the 6102 working face

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图 8 弧形裂缝

Figure 8. Curved ground crack

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图 9 直线型裂缝

Figure 9. Linear ground crack

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图 10 6102工作面三维地质模型

Figure 10. 3D geological model of 6102 working face

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图 11 模型边界约束

Figure 11. Model boundary constraints

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图 12 煤层开挖σ₁云图

Figure 12. σ₁ cloud map of coal seam excavation

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图 13 开挖步数与距离关系(X=250 m; Z=35 m)

Figure 13. Relationship between the number of excavation steps and distance (X=250 m; Z=35 m)

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图 14 煤层开挖Z位移云图

Figure 14. Z displacement cloud map of coal seam excavation

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图 15 地表下沉量曲线

Figure 15. Surface subsidence curve

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图 16 地表倾斜度曲线

Figure 16. Surface inclination curve

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图 17 地表水平移动曲线

Figure 17. Horizontal surface movement curve

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图 18 地表水平变形曲线

Figure 18. Surface horizontal deformation curve

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图 19 不同开挖步数的裂缝角

Figure 19. Crack angle of excavation steps

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图 20 6102工作面裂缝影响角计算图

Figure 20. Calculation diagram of the crack influence angle of 6102 working face

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图 21 I-I′剖面地形变化对比(2011—2021年)

Figure 21. Comparison of topographic changes in the I-I′ section(2011-2021)

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图 22 无人机DEM数据分析与FLAC^3D数值模拟的地表位移对比

Figure 22. Comparison between UAV DEM data analysis and FLAC^3D numerical simulation of surface displacement

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表 1 CW-15无人机性能指标

Table 1. Performance indexes of CW-15 UAV

性能指标	参数
机长/mm	1 720
翼展/mm	3 610
飞行高度/m	5 000
整机重量/kg	16.5
航摄仪像素	4 200万
分辨率	7 952×5 304
巡航速度/(m·s^-1)	19
3 kg载荷续航时间/min	160
抗风能力/级	6
降落精度/m	0.1
定焦镜头/mm	35
CCD全画幅	35.9 mm×24 mm

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表 2 岩层物理力学参数

Table 2. Physical and mechanical parameters of rock strata

岩性	岩层厚度/m	密度/(kg·m^-3)	内摩擦角/(°)	凝聚力/MPa	抗拉强度/MPa	泊松比ν	体积模量/GPa	剪切模量/GPa
黄土	35	1 860	28	0.03	0.18	0.31	1.96	0.75
砂质泥岩	19	2 720	42	2.30	6.80	0.23	7.44	5.07
细粒砂岩	14	2 580	45	1.40	4.50	0.22	7.80	5.14
砂质泥岩	32	2 690	43	3.20	2.80	0.23	5.31	3.95
细粒砂岩	9	2 570	40	2.70	1.90	0.22	5.04	3.43
砂质泥岩	14	2 770	38	3.30	3.20	0.22	1.56	1.05
细粒砂岩	16	2 910	40	3.00	3.20	0.22	5.54	3.45
砂质泥岩	6	2 740	39	4.20	3.10	0.24	3.69	2.52
6^#煤	10	1 530	25	0.90	0.30	0.35	2.22	0.74
砂质泥岩	9	2 740	39	4.20	3.10	0.24	3.69	2.52
细粒砂岩	16	2 910	40	3.10	3.60	0.22	5.54	3.45

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