On the reliability of drilling core reorientations using palaeomagnetic methods: A case study from the boreholes in the Tarim Basin
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摘要:
针对非定向钻孔岩心原始方位难以确定的科学问题, 利用塔里木盆地5口钻井(TKQ101井、SHUN9井、TAT19井、TZ18井和TS108井)志留纪无定向砂岩样品, 对典型样品进行了岩石磁学、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等实验, 明确了样品的主要载磁矿物, 之后对43块样品进行了退磁处理, 并分析了校正后的磁化率各向异性(
AMS )最大轴(K max轴)指示的古水流方向, 探讨了利用剩磁恢复岩心原始方位的可靠性。AMS 结果揭示的沉积组构支持整个钻孔回次地层近似水平; 岩石磁学、SEM和EDS实验结果表明TKQ101井样品主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿、含有少量针铁矿和赤铁矿, 其他钻井样品主要载磁矿物为磁黄铁矿和磁铁矿。43块样品的系统退磁实验结果显示, TKQ101井岩心样品可分离出可靠的现代场黏滞剩磁方向(VRM)和志留纪地层原生剩磁方向(ChRM), 经VRM和ChRM各自计算获得岩心原始方位旋转量(R ,R ', 其中R ,R '分别为利用VRM和ChRM磁偏角获得的岩心原始方位旋转量)一致, 校正后的K max指示的古水流方向也与地质证据相吻合, 支持TKQ101井岩心原始标志线方位需逆时针旋转258.0°~262.0°;其他4口钻井岩心退磁结果呈现单分量特征, 综合分析明确其经历了由喜山期油气运移、聚集等流体活动导致的化学重磁化, 携带的剩磁为现代地磁场的黏滞剩磁和喜山期重磁化成分叠加结果。通过校正后K max轴指示的古水流方向和地质证据验证后, 揭示利用VRM获得的恢复岩心原始方位旋转量R 较为可靠。综上, 钻井岩心原始方位恢复需要旋转的角度如下: TKQ101井岩心在逆时针旋转258.0°~262.0°后即可获得可靠的原始标志线方位; SHUN9井第4, 5, 6回次岩心标志线的方位需分别逆时针旋转148.1°, 221.2°和318.2°;TAT19钻井第3, 5回次岩心标志线的方位需分别逆时针旋转269.8°, 155.9°;TS108井和TZ18井岩心标志线的方位需分别逆时针旋转239.3°, 256.6°。Abstract:Objective This study explores the accuracy of drilling core reorientations by using remanent magnetization.
Methods To this end, paleomagnetic analyses were carried out on 43 Silurian sandstone samples collected from five boreholes (TKQ101, SHUN9, TAT19, TZ18, and TS108)in the Tarim Basin. Meanwhile, rock magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectral (EDS) observations were conducted on representative samples to identify the predominant magnetic carriers. Furthermore, the paleocurrent direction inferred from the corrected maximum magnetic susceptibility (Kmax)axis of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) using remanent magnetization was analyzed.
Results AMS results indicate a sedimentary fabric preserved in the studied drilling cores, suggesting their stratigraphy are overall horizontal.Rock magnetic results, SEM and EDS observations reveal that magnetite is the dominant magnetic carrier for the TKQ101 samples, with small amounts of goethite and hematite, while pyrrhotite and magnetite are the dominant magnetic carriers for the other samples. The demagnetization results indicate that the viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) acquired in the present geomagnetic field and the characteristic remanent magnetization(ChRM) of the Silurian formation can be isolated for the TKQ101 samples, where the original azimuth rotations (
R ,R ') estimated by VRM and ChRM are consistent. Furthermore, the paleocurrent direction inferred from the correctedK max is supported by the geological evidence, suggesting a counterclockwise rotation of 258.0°-262.0°of the TKQ101 drilling cores. Only one remanence component was isolated for the majority (~90%) of samples from the other four boreholes, which is a superposition component of the VRM acquired in present geomagnetic field and the chemical remagnetization caused by fluid activities, such as oil-gas migration and accumulation, during the Himalayan period. Therefore, it is more reliable to reorient these drill cores by using the VRM component, with confirmation of the paleocurrent direction inferred by the correctedK max and geological evidence.Conclusion In summary, to restore the original orientations of these drilling cores, the following rotation angles are required: 258.0°-262.0° counterclockwise rotation for the TKQ101 drill cores; 148.1°, 221.2°, and 318.2° counterclockwise rotation for the 4th, 5th and 6th sections from the borehole SHUN9, respectively; 269.8° and 155.9° counterclockwise rotation for the sections 3 and 5 from the borehole TAT19, respectively; 239.3° and 256.6° counterclockwise rotation for drill cores from the boreholes TS108 and TZ18, respectively.
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Key words:
- Tarim Basin /
- drill core /
- VRM /
- remagnetization /
- paleocurrent /
- recovery of original orientation /
- paleomagnetism
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图 2 岩心取样方法及坐标轴转换示意图(x′, y′, z′为钻井岩心的三轴方向；x, y, z为古地磁样品的三轴方向)
Figure 2. Sampling methods and schematic diagram of coordinate axis conversion for drill cores
图 3 柯坪塔格组砂岩样品的磁化率各向异性椭球主轴的等面积投影图(a)及相关参数分析图(b, c)
Figure 3. Stereoplots of three principal axes of the AMS ellipsoid and plots of AMS parameters for the Kepingtag Formation sandstone
图 4 柯坪塔格组砂岩典型样品的岩石磁学结果
a~c.磁化率随温度变化曲线(χ-T)，红色和蓝色曲线分别代表加热和冷却曲线；d~f.等温剩磁(IRM)获得曲线和饱和等温剩磁的反向场退磁曲线；g~i.三轴饱和等温剩磁系统热退磁曲线
Figure 4. Rock magnetic results of representative sandstone samples of the Kepingtag Formation
图 5 柯坪塔格组砂岩典型样品扫描电镜(a~c)与能谱分析图(d~f)
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope images and energy dispersive spectral of representative sandstone samples from the Kepingtag Formation
图 6 典型样品的热退磁和交变退磁正交矢量图
实心点代表水平面投影，空心点代表垂直面投影；蓝色点代表参与低温分量统计的步骤，红色点代表参与高温分量统计的步骤；NRM代表天然剩余磁化强度；T代表温度(℃)
Figure 6. Zij derveld diagrams of the thermal and alternating-field demagnetization results of representative samples
图 7 磁组构Kmax轴根据VRM获得的原始方位旋转量(R)校正后的等面积分布图(a~c)和玫瑰花图(d~f)
b~c中红色实心圆分别代表TS108、TZ18井Kmax校正后在等面积投影图上的分布
Figure 7. Equal-area projections(a~c) and rose diagrams(d~f) of the corrected Kmax axis by the original azimuthal rotation(R) obtained from VRM
表 1 下志留统柯坪塔格组(S1k)钻井岩心编号、深度和岩性
Table 1. The number ID, depth and lithology of drilling cores from the Lower Silurian Kepingtag Formation
样品号 回次 深度/m 岩性 块号 TKQ 101井S1k TKQ101-1 2 696.5 紫灰色粗粒石英砂岩，绿灰、紫灰色中粒石英砂岩，紫灰色细粒石英砂岩，局部见紫色泥质团块 18 TKQ101-2 2 697.6 20 TKQ101-3 2 698.8 26 TKQ101-4 2 699.7 33 TKQ101-5 2 700.5 35 SHUN9井S1k SHUN9-1 5 433.0 灰色中粒岩屑石英砂岩 5 SHUN9-2 5 434.7 12 SHUN9-3 5 435.7 16 SHUN9-4 5 437.6 29 SHUN9-5 4共39 5 439.4 37 SHUN9-6 5 470.1 灰色油迹含沥青质中粒岩屑石英砂岩 5 SHUN9-7 5 470.6 7 SHUN9-8 5 471.9 14 SHUN9-9 5 473.5 22 SHUN9-10 5共44 5 476.0 35 SHUN9-11 5 579.4 浅灰色油斑细粒岩屑石英砂岩 8 SHUN9-12 5 580.3 15 SHUN9-13 5 582.4 26 SHUN9-14 5 583.7 31 SHUN9-15 6共38 5 584.7 34 TAT19井S1k TAT19-5 5 317.5 砂岩 6 TAT19-6 5 318.0 绿灰、灰色油迹-油斑细粒岩屑石英砂岩、油斑含砾细粒岩屑石英砂岩，细粒岩屑石英砂岩 12 TAT19-7 5 319.7 38 TAT19-8 5 321.0 58 TAT19-9 3共67 5 321.9 65 TAT19-10 5 380.6 砂岩 2 TAT19-11 5 381.5 绿灰、浅灰色中粒、细粒岩屑石英砂岩 7 TAT19-12 5 382.4 12 TAT19-13 5 383.0 17 TAT19-14 5 383.9 23 TAT19-15 5共31 5 384.6 31 TS108井S1k TS108-7 5 473.0 粉砂岩 7 TS108-8 5 474.4 12 TS108-9 5 475.8 19 TS108-10 5 476.5 26 TZ18井S1k TZ18-9 5 048.2 长石石英砂岩 14 TZ18-10 5 049.8 灰色粉砂、细砂岩，与绿灰色泥岩互层 23 TZ18-11 5 050.4 凝灰岩 27 TZ18-12 5 051.6 39 TZ18-13 5 052.7 49 
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表 2 塔里木志留纪柯坪塔格组(S1k)岩心的黏滞剩磁方向数据
Table 2. Summary of the VRM directions for the Silurian Kepingtag Formation(S1k) cores in Tarim
钻井编号 n 载磁矿物岩心回次 黏滞剩磁(VRM)分量/(°) 采样点的现代场方向/(°) DVRM IVRM IYXC к α95 DM IM R TKQ101井 4 磁铁矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿 240.7 63.6 59.7 18.2 22.1 0.4 59.5 240.3 1-3拟合* 3 258.7 64.8 60.0 38.6 20.1 0.4 59.5 258.3 SHUN9井 18 磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿 1-5拟合 8* 回次4 149.0 66.6 63.6 16.6 14.0 0.9 58.2 148.1 6-10拟合 5 回次5 222.1 73.8 70.8 39.4 12.3 0.9 58.2 221.2 11-15拟合 5 回次6 319.1 81.2 72.0 48.6 11.1 0.9 58.2 318.2 TAT19井 10 磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿 5-9拟合 4 回次3 271.1 77.2 75.3 49.1 13.2 1.3 60.8 269.8 10-15拟合 6 回次5 157.2 83.5 77.0 73.3 7.9 1.3 60.8 155.9 TS108井 6 磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿 240.4 86.3 78.1 38.7 10.9 1.1 59.8 239.3 TZ18井 5 磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿 257.8 83.4 81.4 103.3 7.6 1.2 57.6 256.6 注：n.参与古地磁统计的样品数；1-3拟合*.TKQ101井删除样品4A后的拟合结果；8*.SHUN9井回次4中含3块平行样品参与统计；DVRM，IVRM分别为实测获得的黏滞剩磁磁偏角，磁倾角；IYXC.依据YXC磁倾角算法获得的磁倾角；к.统计精度参数；α95.95%置信圆锥半顶角；DM，IM分别为钻井采样点的现代场磁偏角和磁倾角；R=DVRM-DM
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