Site groundwater pollution risk assessment based on the protection of sensitive receptors
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摘要:
地下水污染风险评估是地下水污染防治的有效工具，对场地地下水污染风险评估开展研究，可以为地下水污染场地管理提供依据。我国目前的场地地下水污染风险评估忽略了场地内部污染差异性，且对受体敏感性不太关注。为此，采用场地风险评估概念模型，重点关注场地实际污染物分布特征及周边多种受体的敏感性，评价场地地下水污染风险。从污染源负荷、包气带防污性、含水层脆弱性和受体敏感性4个方面，运用层次分析法筛选了场地地下水污染风险评估的指标并确定了权重，构建了场地地下水污染风险评估指标体系，将风险划分为低、中、较高、高风险4个等级。以河南某六价铬场地为例，应用构建的风险评价体系，获取了场地的空间风险分布特征。研究结果表明，该场地整体处于中等风险水平，铬渣堆和掩埋铬渣处的东南部风险最高，污染风险主要来源于周边受体的潜在损失性及污染源负荷。敏感度分析表明各指标理论权重与有效权重几乎一致，说明所构建的场地地下水污染风险评价体系可行，可应用于其他特征污染物场地的污染风险评估。
Abstract:Groundwater pollution risk assessment is an effective tool for preventing and controlling groundwater pollution. The study on groundwater pollution risk assessment can serve as a basis for the management of groundwater contaminated sites. The present risk assessments often ignore the spatial variability of pollution within the site and the susceptibility of receptor. This paper proposes a new site groundwater pollution risk index system that can be used for pollution sites with a variety of features. The index system considers the spatial distribution of pollutant at the site and nearby receptors. Based on the four aspects of pollution load, vadose zone vulnerability, aquifer vulnerability, and receptor susceptibility, this paper conducted index screening and weight calculation using the analytical hierarchy process. A site groundwater pollution risk assessment index system was constructed, and the risk was divided into four levels: low, medium, higher, and high. Using the constructed risk index system, the spatial risk distribution of a hexavalent chromium site in Henan Province was studied. The results show that the site was at a medium risk level, with the highest risk at the chrome slag heaps and the southeastern of the buried chrome slag. The potential loss of surrounding receptors and the pollution load are the main causes of groundwater contamination risk at the site. Single parameter sensitivity analysis shows that the effective weights of each index are in line with the theoretical weights, indicating the rationality of the constructed site groundwater pollution risk assessment system, which can be applied to other sites with characteristic pollutants.
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Key words:
- site /
- risk assessment /
- receptor susceptibility /
- pollution characteristics /
- sensitivity analysis
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图 4 污染负荷(a)和含水层脆弱性(b)评分
Figure 4. Scores of the pollution load (a) and aquifer vulnerability (b)
毒性等级 污染物说明 评分 分配系数/(cm3·g-1) 评分 衰减特征/d 评分 污染物超标倍数 评分 ND 无致癌证据的污染物 1 >3 2 ≤10 0 未超标 1 D 尚不能进行人类致癌分类的污染物 3 (1，3] 6 (10，20] 2 ≤5 3 C 可能的人类致癌物 5 ≤1 10 (20，30] 4 (5，10] 4 B 很可能的人类致癌物 8 (30，40] 6 (10，50] 6 A 人类致癌物 10 (40，50] 8 (50，100] 8 >50 10 >100 10 
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土壤类型 评分 包气带介质类型 评分 包气带垂向渗透系数/(m·d-1) 评分 地下水埋深/m 评分 非凝聚性黏土 1 承压层 1 ≤0.001 2 ≤1.5 10 腐殖土 2 粉砂、黏土 2 (0.001，0.01] 4 (1.5，4.6] 9 黏质壤土 3 层状灰岩、灰岩、层状页岩 3 (0.01，1] 6 (4.6，9.1] 7 粉质壤土 4 砂岩 4 (1，10] 8 (9.1，15.2] 5 壤土 5 含粉砂和黏土的砂砾 5 >10 10 (15.2，22.9] 3 砂质壤土 6 变质岩、火成岩 6 (22.9，30.5] 2 压实黏土 7 页岩 7 >30.5 1 泥炭土 8 砂砾岩 8 砂土 9 玄武岩 9 砾石、薄层 10 岩溶灰岩 10
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含水层岩性 含水层水力传导系数/(m·d-1) 地形坡度/% 含水层厚度/m 分级 评分 分级 评分 分级 评分 分级 评分 溶岩灰岩 10 (0.04，4.1] 1 ≤2 10 ≤5 10 玄武岩 9 (4.1，12.3] 2 (2，6] 9 (5，20] 8 砂砾岩 8 (12.3，28.7] 4 (6，12] 5 (20，35] 7 块状灰岩、块状砂岩 7 (28.7，41] 6 (12，18] 3 (35，50] 5 层状砂岩、页岩、灰岩 6 (41，82] 8 >18 1 >50 1 冰碛层 5 >82 10 风化的变质岩、火成岩 4 变质岩、火成岩 3 块状页岩 2
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地下水利用类型 评分 场地周边500 m内人口数量/人 评分 敏感区域距场地距离/m 评分 不使用 2 ≤100 1 >1 000 1 工业用水 4 (100，1 000] 4 (300，1 000] 4 农业灌溉用水 6 (1 000，5 000] 7 (100，300] 7 补给水源 8 >5 000 10 ≤100 10 生活用水 10
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表 5 场地地下水污染风险评价指标体系及权重[35]
Table 5. Indicators for assessing groundwater pollution risk at the site and their weights
目标层 准则层 单层次权重 指标层 单层次权重 总权重 场地地下水污染风险评估 污染源负荷 0.347 9 毒性 0.200 9 0.069 9 污染物分配系数 0.200 9 0.069 9 半衰期 0.078 9 0.027 4 污染物超标倍数 0.519 3 0.180 7 包气带防污性 0.102 1 土壤类型 0.375 0.038 3 包气带岩性 0.125 0.012 8 垂向渗透系数 0.125 0.012 8 地下水埋深 0.375 0.038 3 含水层脆弱性 0.102 1 含水层岩性 0.372 5 0.038 0 水力传导系数 0.134 1 0.013 7 地形坡度 0.067 4 0.006 9 含水层厚度 0.426 1 0.043 5 受体敏感性 0.447 9 地下水利用类型 0.428 6 0.192 500 m内人口数量 0.428 6 0.192 敏感区域距场地距离 0.142 9 0.064
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表 6 地下水污染风险等级
Table 6. Rating of groundwater pollution risk
等级划分 低风险 中风险 较高风险 高风险 综合指数R ≤4 (4，6] (6，8] (8，10]
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表 7 研究场地风险评价各指标评分
Table 7. Scores of each indicators for the site risk assessment of site
指标层 污染场地相关数据 评分 毒性 A类 10 分配系数 <1 cm3/g 10 半衰期 不衰减 10 污染物超标倍数 0~105 1~10 土壤类型 黏质壤土 3 包气带岩性 粉土 2 垂向渗透系数 0.5~1 m/d 6 地下水埋深 2~3 m 9 含水层岩性 中砂、细砂(层状) 6 水力传导系数 5~20 m/d 4 地形坡度 0~2% 10 含水层厚度 2.16~14.78 m 8~10 地下水利用类型 农业灌溉用水 6 500 m内人口数量 100~1 000人 4 敏感区域距场地距离 农用井<100 m 10
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表 8 准则层评分值
Table 8. Scores of the criterion level
准则层 评分 污染负荷 1.853~3.479 包气带防污性 0.562 含水层脆弱性 0.7~0.788 受体敏感性 2.56
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表 9 单参数敏感度统计结果
Table 9. Statistical results of single parameter sensitivity
指标层 总权重 理论权重/% 排序 有效权重/% 排序 标准差 毒性 0.069 9 6.99 4 11.03 4 0.91 污染物分配系数 0.069 9 6.99 5 11.03 5 0.91 半衰期 0.027 4 2.74 11 4.32 9 0.36 污染物超标倍数 0.180 7 18.07 3 11.63 3 7.23 土壤类型 0.038 3 3.83 8 1.81 11 0.15 包气带岩性 0.012 8 1.28 12 0.40 15 0.03 垂向渗透系数 0.012 8 1.28 13 1.21 12 0.10 地下水埋深 0.038 3 3.83 9 5.44 8 0.45 含水层岩性 0.038 0 3.80 10 3.60 10 0.30 水力传导系数 0.013 7 1.37 14 0.86 14 0.07 地形坡度 0.006 9 0.69 15 1.09 13 0.09 含水层厚度 0.043 5 4.35 7 6.29 7 0.72 地下水利用类型 0.192 0 19.20 1 18.18 1 1.50 500 m内人口数量 0.192 0 19.20 2 12.12 2 1.00 敏感区域距场地距离 0.064 0 6.40 6 10.10 6 0.83
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