Indications of tunnel water inrush to the origin of large karst springs in Southwest China and water environmental effects
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摘要:
滇中引水工程昆呈隧洞横穿昆明市呈贡区主要的水源地——黑龙潭、白龙潭地区, 隧洞涌水可能严重威胁城市供水安全。综合隧洞施工水文动态数据和水化学数据, 分析岩溶水系统特征和隧洞施工的影响, 论证两泉的成因关系; 构建了昆呈隧洞黑龙潭—白龙潭段三维地下水流模型, 经模型识别验证后, 开展隧洞施工条件岩溶水系统的流场和泉流量变化的模拟预测, 分析评价其水环境效应。研究表明: 黑龙潭与白龙潭分别属于相对独立的2套岩溶水系统, 补给区均为P1
q +m 组强岩溶含水层, 但在三家村洼地下游, 两泉分别受P1d 组隔水地层和浑水塘断层的控制而形成稳定的岩溶通道; 昆呈隧洞掘进改变了区域地下水流场, 并袭夺白龙潭泉流量使其断流, 且泉流量恢复困难; 但隧洞掘进对黑龙潭影响较小。本研究对岩溶泉的成因关系进行探讨, 并定量分析隧道掘进的水环境影响, 对防止岩溶地区隧道建设中的突涌水等问题具有参考借鉴意义。Abstract:Objective The Kuncheng Tunnel of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project crosses the Heilongtan and Bailongtan areas, the major headwater regions in the Chenggong District of Kunming City.
Methods Tunnel water inrush may seriously threaten the safety of the urban water supply. In this paper, based on hydrodynamic data and hydrochemical data during tunnel construction, the characteristics of the karst water system, the origin of the springs, and the impact of tunnel construction were analysed. Then, a three-dimensional groundwater flow model for the Heilongtan-Bailongtan Section was developed and calibrated to simulate and predict groundwater level changes during the construction of the Kuncheng Tunnel, and the water environment effect of tunnel construction was evaluated.
Results The results show that both the Heilongtan and Bailongtan springs are mainly recharged by the same karst P1
q +m aquifer. However, controlled by aquitard P1d and the Hunshuitang fault downstream of the Sanjiacun Depression, the two springs actually belong to two relatively independent karst water systems. In addition, the excavation of the Kuncheng Tunnel has changed the regional groundwater flow field and cut off the flow of Bailongtan, while it has negligible impact on Heilongtan.Conclusion This study discusses the genetic relationship of karst spring, and quantitatively analyzes the impact of tunnel excavation on water environment, which has reference significance for preventing water inrush in tunnel construction.
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图 1 黑龙潭-白龙潭地区地质简图
Q.第四系；E.古近系-新近系；P2β.二叠系峨眉组；P1q+m.二叠系栖霞组和茅口组；P1d.二叠系倒石头组；C2w.石炭系威宁组；C1d.石炭系大塘组；D3zB.泥盆系宰格组；∈1l.寒武系龙王庙组；∈1c.寒武系沧浪铺组
Figure 1. Schematic geological map in the Heilongtan-Bailongtan area
图 2 研究区域水样中微量元素质量浓度对比
Figure 2. Comparison of trace element contents of water samples in the study area
图 3 研究区水样氢氧同位素关系图
Figure 3. Relationship of hydrogen isotope with oxygen isotope in collected water samples in the study area
图 4 黑龙潭泉流量与隧洞涌水变化曲线图
Figure 4. Variation curve of the Heilongtan spring flow with tunnel water inrush
图 5 白龙潭泉流量与隧洞涌水变化曲线图
Figure 5. Variation curve of the Bailongtan spring flow with tunnel water inrush
图 7 昆呈隧洞黑龙潭—白龙潭段三维模型示意图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the three-dimensional model of the Heilongtan-Bailongtan section of the Kuncheng Tunnel
图 8 P1q+m含水层初始水位与水位观察孔分布图
Figure 8. Initial groundwater level in the P1q+m aquifer and distribution of water level observation points
图 9 模型识别时钻孔水位拟合情况图
Figure 9. Measured and calculated values of groundwater level in observation holes
图 10 白龙潭模拟泉流量与实际泉流量对比图
Figure 10. Simulated and measured spring flows in the Bailongtan spring
图 11 黑龙潭模拟泉流量与实际泉流量对比图
Figure 11. Simulated and measured spring flows in the Heilongtan spring
图 12 昆呈隧洞黑龙潭—白龙潭段模型1#、2#、3#观察点水位对比图
Figure 12. Groundwater levels at observation points 1#, 2#, 3# of the model for the Heilongtan-Bailongtan Section of the Kuncheng Tunnel
图 13 白龙潭模拟泉流量变化图
Figure 13. Variation in the simulated spring flow in the Bailongtan spring
图 14 昆呈隧洞黑龙潭—白龙潭段模型P1q+m含水层模拟水位图
Figure 14. Simulated groundwater level of the P1q+m aquifer in the Heilongtan-Bailongtan Section of the Kuncheng Tunnel
图 15 黑龙潭-白龙潭成因示意图
Figure 15. Schematic diagram indicaitng the genesis of the Heilongtan spring and Bailongtan spring
表 1 黑龙潭-白龙潭岩溶水系统主要水化学数据
Table 1. Water chemistry data in the Heilongtan-Bailongtan karst water system
编号 位置 采样点 地层 宏量组分ρB/(mg·L-1) 微量组分ρB/(mg·L-1) δ18O/‰ δD/‰ TDS Na++K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3- Cl- SO42- Al3+ Sr2+ Ba2+ J10 补给区 头甸村水井 P2β 49.8 12.08 16.00 1.46 7.02 1.70 8.89 0.009 1 0.098 4 0.007 7 -11.59 -90.96 J11 一朵云村水井 P2β+ P1q+m 59.0 3.10 12.96 7.44 5.49 0.28 12.73 0.053 3 0.080 9 0.018 3 -10.93 -80.89 D04 宝象河水库 — 102.6 37.25 26.80 12.00 12.81 2.94 35.21 < 0.000 0.150 8 0.025 2 -8.12 -66.11 J01 果林水库排泄区 撒梅大道水井 ∈1l 289.0 13.27 71.20 39.90 34.16 17.30 33.09 0.148 6 0.078 6 0.045 5 -11.01 -82.75 J02 白水塘市场水井 ∈1l 289.0 15.90 74.88 37.13 39.04 16.24 29.63 < 0.000 0.082 5 0.057 8 -10.79 -81.51 J04 职业学院水井 ∈1l 328.0 24.10 77.60 40.24 39.89 34.49 31.94 < 0.000 0.051 4 0.133 8 -9.58 -73.74 D01 果林水库 — 167.2 22.04 28.00 18.86 13.91 30.42 47.89 0.030 2 0.162 0 0.118 2 -6.95 -57.45 S03 6#支洞 ∈1l 515.0 34.22 71.20 30.62 40.50 37.15 29.25 0.000 7 0.026 0 0.019 0 -11.65 -83.39 S05 7#支洞 D3zB 275.0 27.51 62.80 42.77 46.05 0.28 64.73 < 0.000 0.061 6 0.045 1 -10.99 -80.87 S06 黑龙潭排泄区 8#支洞 P2β 130.3 1.12 2.48 2.38 5.49 1.52 39.24 0.310 9 0.168 0 0.001 1 -12.10 -92.18 Q03 黑龙潭 P1q+m 298.1 15.51 70.24 10.55 25.62 11.45 23.10 0.161 1 0.129 7 0.037 3 -11.12 -83.09 J06 小新册社区水井 表层Q 207.4 8.03 35.84 22.21 20.37 0.82 30.02 0.003 9 0.281 5 0.368 8 -11.79 -91.70 D02 石龙坝水库 — 182.1 39.17 31.20 10.21 14.34 33.43 29.63 0.012 9 0.114 8 0.021 3 -7.43 -58.56 S07 白龙潭排泄区 9#支洞 P1q+m 175.9 34.20 61.76 13.32 23.91 4.71 73.44 0.067 3 0.078 0 0.008 1 -11.10 -84.12 Q01 白龙潭 P1q+m 248.3 8.88 60.80 10.69 22.26 6.66 21.95 0.009 9 0.083 2 0.003 7 -11.20 -84.60 J08 刘家营村机井 P1q+m 231.1 18.01 40.32 12.68 18.30 15.35 15.99 < 0.000 0.349 5 0.014 5 -10.84 -82.64 D03 白龙潭水库 — 211.6 8.06 49.76 9.23 18.91 7.37 12.92 < 0.000 0.064 2 0.025 6 -10.49 -80.70 
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