Microplastic contamination in terrestrial geoenvironments: Review and outlook
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摘要:
陆地地质环境中的微塑料污染日渐广泛和严重, 受到科学界的广泛关注, 但研究尚处于起步阶段。对近5年微塑料研究的国际文献进行了综述, 从来源与组成、迁移和环境影响3个方面进行了梳理和总结, 并提出了下一步研究建议。近期研究发现陆地地质环境中的微塑料主要来源于垃圾填埋场、农业面源污染、污水处理系统和交通运输系统, 不同来源的微塑料存在显著差异, 具有时空变异性。微塑料会随土体人为扰动、土内生物活动在土体内迁移, 还可能渗入地下水并借助渗流迁移, 或悬浮到大气中并借助风力迁移, 颗粒越小越容易迁移。微塑料使土体黏聚力增加、孔隙率降低、孔隙尺度减小、空气循环减少、保水能力提高, 微塑料中强水溶性添加剂的渗出会造成地质体次生污染。微塑料对植物生长、动物消化、微生物活性存在不利影响, 会诱发人类能量和脂质代谢紊乱、氧化应激和呼吸系统疾病。微塑料污染地质体修复仍处于起步阶段, 仅在少量室内试验中发现了微生物降解和生物修复的效果。综上, 微塑料污染广泛存在, 且对生物和人类健康带来诸多不利影响。面向未来, 尚需探明微塑料对陆地生态系统中营养传输的影响、微塑料添加剂在地质体中的迁移和降解规律, 研发更高效便捷的微塑料定量检测方法, 制定全球统一的测试和评价标准, 将微塑料检测列入污染土检测项目, 研发高效的微塑料污染地质体修复方法。
Abstract:Significance The increasingly widespread and serious microplastic contamination in terrestrial geoenvironments(CMTG)has received much attention. However, studies on CMTG are still in the initial stage. This paper reviews the international literature on CMTG in the last five years.The sources, composition, migration and environmental impacts of CMTG are summarized, and an outlook is presented.
Progress The results of the study demonstrate that the main sources of CMTG include landfills, agricultural nonpoint sources, sewage treatment systems, and transportation systems.The composition of CMTG presents significant temporal and spatial variability depending on the sources. The migration pathways of CMTG include human disturbance to soil, biological activities in soil, groundwater seepage, and wind transportation of suspended particles. The smaller the particles, the easier they migrate. CMTG has many influences on geological bodies, including increasing cohesion, decreasing porosity and pore size, decreasing air circulation, and increasing water retention capacity. Moreover, secondary pollution of geological bodies may be caused by effusion of the water-soluble additives in CMTG. Adverse effects of CMTG on plant growth, animal digestion and microbial activity have been found. For humans, energy induction, lipid metabolism disorders, oxidative stress and respiratory diseases induced by CMTG are well understood.
Conclusions and outlooks In summary, CMTG is widespread and has many adverse effects on biological and human health. In the future, the effects of CMTG on nutrient transport in terrestrial ecosystems and the migration and degradation of CMTG additives in terrestrial geological bodies should be investigated, efficient and convenient quantitative detection methods for CMTG should be developed, global unified evaluation standards should be established, detection of CMTG should be listed in the detection project of contaminated soils, and efficient remediation methods for microplastic-contaminated geological bodies should be developed.
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Key words:
- geological body /
- microplastic /
- land /
- contamination /
- migration /
- environment /
- health
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表 1 典型陆地地质环境中微塑料的组成情况
Table 1. Composition of microplastics in typical terrestrial geological environments
场地 城市 粒径/μm 平均浓度 主要成分 主要形状 垃圾填埋场垃圾[7] 中国上海 20~5 000 39 000~85 000粒/kg 聚乙烯 碎片状 长期覆膜农田[37] 中国京津冀 平均2 950 平均29.3粒/kg 主要成分为聚乙烯,占43.7% 碎片状 施用固废堆肥的农田[38] 法国巴黎 0.45~5 000 0.16~1.2 kg/(ha-1·a-1) 未测定 颗粒状 垃圾填埋场渗滤液[35] 中国长三角 100~5 000 0.4~24.6粒/L 聚乙烯和聚丙烯 纤维状和薄膜状,纤维状占60% 地下水[39] 印度佩鲁古迪遗址 0.45~5 000 7~80粒/L 聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯 未观测 -
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