Fracture characteristics of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs in the Bozi Block, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin, and effects on oil-gas production
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摘要:
天然裂缝是深层致密砂岩储层重要的油气运移通道和储集空间，对库车坳陷博孜区块油气产能具有重要意义。利用岩心、薄片、成像测井以及实际生产资料，在明确塔里木盆地库车坳陷博孜区块超深层致密砂岩储层天然裂缝发育特征的基础上，厘定了天然裂缝对油气产能的影响。研究结果表明：库车坳陷博孜区块超深层储层构造裂缝发育，其中主要发育未充填-半充填的高角度剪切缝，局部发育半充填-全充填张性缝，受多期构造运动影响，区内主要发育N-S向和NW-SE向天然裂缝，部分呈近EW向；裂缝是研究区重要的储集空间和渗流通道，通过成像测井资料和试油资料构建了裂缝发育系数和裂缝有效系数用以定量表征裂缝对油气产能的影响，并建立了这两项表征参数和油气产能的定量评价图版，通过验证说明裂缝发育系数和裂缝有效系数可以较好地评价研究区裂缝的有效性，实现了通过裂缝参数对裂缝性储层品质的分类预测。研究成果不仅为研究区油气高效勘探开发提供了地质依据，同时提供了一个致密砂岩储层裂缝对油气产能影响的实例。
Abstract:Objective Natural fractures are important oil-gas migration channels and reservoir spaces in deep tight sandstone reservoirs and significantly affect oil-gas production capacity in the Bozi Block of the Kuqa Depression.
Methods Based on rock core, thin slice, imaging log, and actual production data, the development characteristics of natural fractures in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs in the Bozi Block, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin were clarified, and the effects of natural fractures on oil-gas production capacity were explored.
Results Tectonic fractures developed in the ultra-deep reservoirs of the Bozi Block and were dominated by unfilled to semi-filled high-angle shear fractures accompanied by locally developed semi-filled to filled extensional fractures. Under the influence of multiphase tectonic movements, the natural fractures were mainly oriented N-S direction and NW-SE directionand partially oriented nearly E-W direction. Fractures are important reservoir spaces and seepage channels in the study area. Then, the fracture development coefficient and fracture validation coefficient were determined by using imaging log data and oil testing data, which were used to quantify the effects of fractures on oil and gas production. Quantitative evaluation plots between these two coefficients and gas-oil production were established. Validation showed that the fracture development coefficient and fracture validation coefficient can better evaluate the validity of fractures in the study area. Therefore, the classification and prediction of fracture-type reservoir quality based on fracture parameters were achieved.
Conclusion This study not only provides a geological basis for efficient oil-gas exploration in the study area but also provides insight into how tight sandstone reservoir fractures affect oil-gas production.
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图 1 库车坳陷克拉苏构造带区域位置与区段划分图
Figure 1. Regional location and section division map in the Kelasu tectonic belt of the Kuqa Depression
图 2 库车坳陷博孜区块目的层地层对比图(图中地层代号说明见正文)
Figure 2. Stratigraphic comparison map of the target strata of the Bozi Block, Kuqa Depression
图 3 博孜区块超深储层岩心裂缝特征
a.B17井，6 056.1 m，垂直剪裂缝; b.B17井, 6 058.1 m，高角度剪裂缝; c.B106井，6 798.2 m，砂岩中见高角度未充填-半充填斜交缝; d.B15井，6 280.0 m，张性缝
Figure 3. Core fracture characteristics of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Bozi block
图 4 博孜区块超深储层镜下微裂缝特征
a.B7井，单偏光，7 547.02 m，砂质细-中砾岩，砂砾状结构，砾石边缘见微裂缝; b.B17井，单偏光，6 171.09 m，含砂细-中砾岩，砂砾状结构，砾石内和砾石边缘见微裂缝; c.B301井，单偏光，5 855.61 m，含膏细粒长石岩屑砂岩，薄片中见一条构造缝，由硬石膏、白云石全充填; d.B302井，单偏光，6 185.59 m，含砂细-中砾岩，岩石中见少量粒间溶孔，粒缘缝及一条不规则溶蚀缝
Figure 4. Microscopic characteristics of microfractures of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Bozi Block
图 5 博孜区块超深储层FMI图像裂缝发育特征
a.B104井，6 843~6 847 m，一组平行的高角度裂缝; b.B24井，7 320~7 324 m，高角度裂缝和中高角度裂缝组成的网状缝; c.B17井，6 058~6 062 m，一组近于平行的裂缝; d.B1201井，6 767~6 771 m，一组近于平行的裂缝和网状缝
Figure 5. FMI images fracture development characteristics of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Bozi Block
图 6 博孜区块超深储层FMI图像裂缝产状统计图
a.裂缝走向玫瑰花图; b.裂缝倾角频率分布图
Figure 6. FMI image fracture occurrence statistics of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Bozi Block
图 7 B22井巴什基奇克组产气层段裂缝发育情况
Figure 7. Fracture development in gas-producing sections of the Bashijiqike Formation, Well B22
图 8 博孜区块重点井产气层位产油气量与裂缝参数和裂缝发育系数关系
Figure 8. Relationship of oil-gas production with fracture development coefficient in gas-producing horizons of key wells in the Bozi Block
图 9 博孜区块重点井产气层位产油气量与裂缝有效系数关系
Figure 9. Relationship of oil-gas production with the fracture validity coefficient in gas-producing horizons of key wells in the Bozi Block
图 10 博孜区块裂缝发育系数与裂缝有效系数交会图
Figure 10. Cross plots of fracture development coefficient and the fracture valid coefficient in the Bozi Block
表 1 博孜区块典型井裂缝参数与试油结论
Table 1. Fracture parameters and oil test conclusions of typical wells of the Bozi Block
井号 试油段/m 平均孔隙度/% 裂缝密度/(条·m-1) 裂缝开度/mm 裂缝剪应力与正应力比τ/σ 米产油气量/(104m3·d-1) 试油结论 B1-1 7 008~7 210 8.0 0.47 0.31 0.33 0.14 低产油气层 B302 6 185~6 197 6.6 0.42 0.37 0.38 3.40 高产油气层 B301 5 920~5 938 5.7 0.50 0.17 0.22 0.05 干层 B104 6 748~6 930 6.7 0.54 0.53 0.33 1.28 高产油气层 B102-2 6 623~6 778 6.5 0.47 0.78 0.34 1.10 高产油气层 B102 6 737~6 950 6.7 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.05 干层 B101-2 6 801~7 108 5.9 0.22 0.27 0.32 1.00 低产油气层 B101 6 913~7 150 6.6 0.22 0.20 0.23 0.07 干层 B13 7 016~7 117 6.8 0.58 0.30 0.25 0.31 低产油气层 B17 6 171~6 189 6.4 0.42 0.60 0.29 0.35 低产油气层 B17 6 055~6 088 8.5 0.45 0.44 0.36 1.50 高产油气层 
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表 2 博孜区块裂缝性储层评价标准
Table 2. Evaluation standard of the fractured reservoir in the Bozi Block
储层等级 图版预测结论 图版预测米产油气量/(104m3·d-1) 裂缝发育系数(F1) 裂缝有效系数(F2) 一级 高产油气层 ＞1.0 ＞0.15 ＞0.32 二级 低产油气层 [0.1, 1.0] ＞0.05 ＞0.23 三级 干层 ＜0.1 ＜0.05 ＜0.23
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