西北某退役炼油厂地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

李淼; 刘威杰; 余悦; 邢新丽; 张原; 李小倩; 刘运德; 祁士华

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220475

西北某退役炼油厂地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220475

李淼^a,,
刘威杰^a,
余悦^a,
邢新丽^a, ,,
张原^b,
李小倩^a,
刘运德^a,
祁士华^{a, b}

a.
中国地质大学(武汉)环境学院, 武汉 430078
b.
中国地质大学(武汉)生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室, 武汉 430078

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目 2020YFC1807101

详细信息

作者简介:
李淼, E-mail: limiao98513@163.com

通讯作者:
邢新丽, E-mail: xlxing@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: X143
计量
- 文章访问数: 369
- PDF下载量: 47
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-08-31
- 录用日期: 2022-11-07
- 修回日期: 2022-10-25

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in groundwater in a decommissioned oil refinery in Northwest China

LI Miao^a
,,
LIU Weijie^a,
YU Yue^a,
XING Xinli^{a
, ,},
ZHANG Yuan^b,
LI Xiaoqian^a,
LIU Yunde^a,
QI Shihua^{a, b}

a.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China
b.
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China

More Information

Author Bio:
LI Miao, E-mail: limiao98513@163.com

Corresponding author: XING Xinli, E-mail: xlxing@cug.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
挥发性有机物(VOCs)可长期存在于地下水中，从而对人体产生危害。针对西北某退役炼油厂受有机物污染的浅层地下水，开展了地下水中挥发性有机物的污染特征调查，并对其可能产生的健康风险进行评价。研究结果表明，该场地地下水中共检出18种VOCs，VOC单体检出率范围为6.25%~56.25%。特征污染物以苯和1, 2, 4-三甲苯为主，两者检出率均为56.25%，对照我国《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-2017)的Ⅲ类标准，苯和1, 2, 4-三甲苯超标率均达到50%。场地内污染物主要来自原液化气储罐区和原柴油灌区的垂向渗漏，表明这两个区域可能为该场地地下水的主要污染源，且污染物分布会受水文地质条件和地下水流向的综合影响，对场地下游地下水造成污染。健康风险评价结果表明，通过饮水途径造成的健康风险占据主导。83.3%的点位致癌风险值(CR)大于10^-6，可能存在致癌风险，其中位于渣油罐区GW11点位的致癌风险值大于10^-4，具有致癌风险；50%的点位危害商(HQ)大于1，会产生非致癌风险，对人体造成一定影响。因此，今后应加强对区域饮水问题的关注和管控。
- 退役炼油厂 /
- 地下水 /
- 挥发性有机物 /
- 污染特征 /
- 健康风险评价
Abstract: Objective
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can exist in groundwater for a long time, thus causing harm to human body.
Methods
To characterize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution in the organic-contaminated phreatic zone beneath a decommissioned oil refinery in Northwest China, investigations and sample testing were carried out and possible health risks were assessed in the study area.
Results
A total of 18 VOCs were detected in the groundwater at the site, with detection rates ranging from 6.25% to 56.25%. Benzene and 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene were the main characteristic pollutants, with adetection rate being 56.25%, both of which exceeded the class Ⅲ standard of the Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-2017) in China by 50%. The pollutants at the site mainly originated from the vertical seepage from the former liquefied gas storage tank area and the former diesel oil irrigation area, indicating that these two areas may be the main pollution sources of groundwater at the site. The distribution of pollutants was influenced by hydrogeological conditions and groundwater flow direction, with pollution occurring in groundwater downstream of the site.The results of the health risk assessment showed a predominant health risk posed by drinking water. 83.3% of the points had a cancer risk (CR) value greater than 10^-6, indicating a possible cancer risk. The CR value for GW11 located in the residual oil tank area was greater than 10^-4, indicating a significant cancer risk. 50% of the points had a hazard quotient (HQ) greater than 1, which would pose a noncarcinogenic risk and influence human health.
Conclusion
Therefore, the attention and control of regional drinking water issues should be strengthened in the future.
- decommissioned oil refinery /
- groundwater /
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) /
- pollution characteristics /
- health risk assessment
注释:

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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图 1 研究区水文地质剖面图

Figure 1. A hydrogeological profile of the study area

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图 2 研究区采样点示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of sampling points in the study area

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图 3 场地内地下水VOCs空间分布(a)，各类组分百分比(b)及各组分质量浓度分布(c)

Figure 3. Distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater at the site: Spatial distribution (a), percentage of each component (b), and concentration distribution of each component (c)

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图 4 研究区地下水健康风险评价致癌风险(a)和危害商(b)

Figure 4. Groundwater health risk assessment in the study area: Carcinogenic risk (a) and hazard quotient (b)

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图 5 污染物不同途径致癌风险(a)和非致癌风险(b)贡献率

Figure 5. Contribution of different pollutant pathways to health risk: Carcinogenic risk (a) and noncarcinogenic risk (b)

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表 1 采样点地下水现场水质监测指标

Table 1. Monitoring indices of groundwater quality in situ at the sampling points

编号	地下水水位埋深/m	pH	氧化还原电位/mV	电导率/(mS·cm^-1)
GW1	8.5	7.34	110.6	2.90
GW2	8.5	7.27	177.0	2.23
GW3	7.5	7.38	-120.8	2.71
GW4	6.7	7.38	-120.4	3.01
GW5	7.3	7.39	-41.6	2.35
GW6	8.0	—	—	—
GW7	8.0	7.03	177.4	2.83
GW8	8.3	7.64	159.8	2.33
GW9	7.5	7.44	135.2	3.38
GW10	8.5	7.45	-100.6	2.68
GW11	7.0	7.41	-65.2	3.07
GW12	6.5	7.59	-89.0	2.58
GW13	6.8	7.33	18.8	2.21
GW14	7.5	7.37	-89.9	2.65
GW15	7.5	7.36	132.7	2.94
GW16	8.0	7.28	88.3	4.75
W1	18.0	7.63	129.5	2.42
W2	30.0	7.72	131.3	1.02
W3	15.5	7.42	138.8	3.22
W4	6.8	7.59	133.5	1.75
W5	-	8.44	55.0	4.59
注：“—”表示未测得相关数据

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表 2 污染物暴露参数

Table 2. Pollutant exposure parameters

参数符号	参数名称	单位	数值
U	日饮用水量	L/d	1
TF	煮沸后VOCs的残留比	无量纲	0.3^[28]
EF	暴露频率	d/a	250
ED	暴露期	a	25
BW	个人体重	kg	61.8
AT	致癌、非致癌效应平均时间	d	27 740，2 190
SA	人体表面积	cm²	15 859
PC	皮肤吸附参数	cm/h	0.001
ET	暴露时间	h/d	0.5
CF	转换系数	1 L/(1 000 cm³)	1
DAIR	每日空气呼吸量	m³/d	14.5
EFO	室外暴露频率	d/a	62.5
EFI	室内暴露频率	d/a	187.5
WAF	暴露于地下水的参考剂量分配比例	无量纲	0.33
ABS_gi	消化道吸收效率因子	无量纲	1
SF	致癌斜率因子	(kg·d)/mg	见表 3
RfD	非致癌参考剂量	mg/(kg·d)	见表 3
IUR	呼吸吸入单位致癌因子	m³/mg	见表 3
RfC	呼吸吸入参考浓度	mg/m³	见表 3
ACR	可接受致癌风险	无量纲	10^-6
AHQ	可接受危害商	无量纲	1

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表 3 污染物毒性参数^[29]

Table 3. Pollutant toxicity parameters

VOCs	SF_o/(kg·d·mg^-1)	RfD_o/(mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	IUR/(m³·mg^-1)	RfC/(mg·m^-3)
苯	0.055	0.004	0.007 8	0.030
甲苯	—	0.080	—	5.0
乙苯	0.011	0.100	0.002 5	1
对、间-二甲苯	—	0.200	—	0.1
苯乙烯	—	0.200	—	1
邻-二甲苯	—	0.200	—	0.1
异丙苯	—	—	—	—
正丙苯	—	—	—	—
1, 3, 5-三甲苯	—	0.010	—	—
4-异丙基甲苯	—	—	—	—
正丁基苯	—	—	—	—
1, 2, 4-三甲苯	—	—	—	—
1, 2-二氯乙烷	0.091	0.006	0.026	0.007
1, 1, 2-三氯乙烷	0.057	0.004	0.016	0.000 2
1, 1, 2, 2-四氯乙烷	0.200	0.020	0.058	—
1, 2, 3-三氯丙烷	30.000	0.004	—	0.000 3
2-氯甲苯	—	—	—	—
萘	—	0.020	0.034	0.003
注：“—”表示暂无相关参数；下标o为经口摄入

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表 4 研究区有机污染物检出和超标情况

Table 4. Detection and exceedance of organic pollutants in the study area

测试指标	检出率/%	最小质量浓度/(μg·L^-1)^*	最大质量浓度/(μg·L^-1)	GB/T14848-2017 Ⅲ类标准值/(μg·L^-1)	超标点位数	超标率/%	最大超标倍数
苯	56.25	1.60	1 580.00	10	8	50.00	158.00
甲苯	37.50	5.00	205.00	700	0	0.00	0.29
乙苯	50.00	41.30	179.00	300	0	0.00	0.60
对、间-二甲苯	43.75	88.50	333.00	500	0	0.00	0.67
苯乙烯	6.25	14.90	14.90	20	0	0.00	0.75
邻-二甲苯	50.00	6.00	157.00	—	—	0.00	—
异丙苯	50.00	7.70	46.60	—	—	0.00	—
正丙苯	50.00	14.50	59.20	—	—	0.00	—
1, 3, 5-三甲苯	37.50	5.60	143.00	60	4	25.00	2.38
4-异丙基甲苯	37.50	3.00	18.00	—	—	0.00	—
正丁基苯	25.00	4.10	22.70	—	—	0.00	—
1, 2, 4-三甲苯	56.25	15.40	921.00	56	8	50.00	16.45
1, 2-二氯乙烷	6.25	151.00	151.00	30	1	6.25	5.03
1, 1, 2-三氯乙烷	6.25	11.40	11.40	5	1	6.25	2.28
1, 1, 2, 2-四氯乙烷	31.25	0.33	24.80	—	—	0.00	—
1, 2, 3-三氯丙烷	6.25	3.90	3.90	—	—	0.00	—
2-氯甲苯	18.75	2.70	25.70	—	—	0.00	—
萘	50.00	2.10	473.00	100	3	18.75	4.73
注：^*为已检出点位中的最小值；“—”表示暂无相关参数，下同

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表 5 研究区超标有机污染物质量浓度

Table 5. Concentration of excessive organic pollutants in the study area ρ_B/(μg·L^-1)

超标点位	苯	1, 3, 5-三甲苯	1, 2, 4-三甲苯	1, 2-二氯乙烷	1, 1, 2-三氯乙烷	萘
GW4	510	72.2	316	151	/	109
GW5	422	115.0	921	/	/	473
GW6	232	143.0	427	/	/	296
GW10	51.8	/	613	/	/	/
GW11	/	/	171	/	/	/
GW12	/	/	197	/	/	/
GW13	277	/	/	/	/	/
GW14	1 580	/	/	/	11.4	/
GW15	1 480	132.0	301	/	/	/
GW16	64.6	/	159	/	/	/
注：“/”表示未超标

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表 6 基于饮水途径的地下水风险控制值

Table 6. Groundwater risk control values based on the drinking water pathway

污染物	地下水风险控制值/(mg·L^-1)
污染物	致癌效应	非致癌效应
苯	1.66×10^-2	0.10
甲苯	—	1.91
乙苯	8.31×10^-2	2.38
对、间-二甲苯	—	4.76
苯乙烯	—	4.76
邻-二甲苯	—	4.76
1, 3, 5-三甲苯	—	0.24
1, 2-二氯乙烷	1.00×10^-2	0.14
1, 1, 2-三氯乙烷	1.60×10^-2	0.10
1, 1, 2, 2-四氯乙烷	4.57×10^-3	0.48
1, 2, 3-三氯丙烷	3.05×10^-5	0.10
萘	—	0.48

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