基于数字露头的多尺度裂缝模型建立及其对地下裂缝预测指导

摘要:
塔里木盆地台盆区发育大面积的深层碳酸盐岩油气藏, 构造裂缝是深层碳酸盐岩油气藏重要的储层渗流通道和储集空间, 但受多种地质因素的影响其分布具有强烈的非均质性, 目前无一套有效的技术方法解决储层多尺度裂缝定量化表征的难题。利用数字露头技术, 建立露头区三维数字模型, 并在此基础上开展露头裂缝识别及裂缝参数的定量描述。基于露头裂缝研究成果, 对于不同尺度裂缝的发育特点采用不同的建模方法, 针对大、中尺度裂缝, 分别采用确定性建模方法和基于分维理论的优化融合建模方法; 面对小尺度裂缝建模复杂的难题, 利用多元信息融合方法融合断层走向模型、距断层距离模型以及地层构造曲率模型建立小尺度裂缝综合发育概率体, 以裂缝综合发育概率体为约束, 多元数据协同模拟构建小尺度裂缝网络模型。结果表明: 在同一网格体系下, 将多尺度裂缝模型及构造模型叠加获得露头原型地质模型。将露头原型地质模型研究成果应用于塔里木盆地跃满地区地下储层裂缝建模中, 分尺度描述了裂缝产状、密度等主要建模参数, 确定了裂缝发育主控因素, 并结合井点裂缝分析成果, 构建了储层多尺度裂缝网络模型, 与单井裂缝解释、生产资料吻合度较好。实例研究表明露头原型地质模型研究成果可以为地下储层裂缝建模提供重要的研究思路和地质依据。
- 数字露头 /
- 原型地质模型 /
- 深层碳酸盐岩储层 /
- 裂缝建模 /
- 分形分维 /
- 多尺度 /
- 地下裂缝
Abstract: Objective
Large deep carbonate reservoirs have been developed in the Tarim Platform area. Structural fractures are important seepage paths and reservoir spaces for deep carbonate reservoirs. Due to the strong heterogeneity of reservoirs, which is influenced by multiple geological factors, there is no effective technical method to solve the problem of quantitatively characterizing multiscale fractures in reservoirs.
Methods
In this study, digital outcrop technology was used to establish a 3D digital model of the outcrop area, and on this basis, outcrop fracture identification and quantitative description of fracture parameters were carried out. Emphatically, based on the outcrop fracture results, different modelling methods have been adopted for the development of multiscale fractures. Large-scale fractures were modelled via the deterministic modelling method. Optimal fusion modelling methods based on fractal dimension theory were used for medium-scale fractures. Due to the complex problem of small-scale fracture modelling, three significant models were distinguished via the multisource information fusion method: the fault strike model, the distance from fault model and a stratigraphic curvature model.A comprehensive development probability body of small-scale fractures was established. Construction of a small-scale fracture model based on collaborative simulation of multiple data points was constrained by the comprehensive probability volume. Consequently, restricted by the established comprehensive probability volume, a small-scale fracture model was constructed based on collaborative simulations of multiple sets of data. Finally, under the same grid system, a prototype geological model of the outcrop was obtained by superimposing the multiscale fracture model and the structural model.
Results
The results of the outcrop prototype geological model were applied to fracture modelling of underground reservoirs in the Yueman area of the Tarim Basin. The primary modelling parameters, such as fracture occurrence and density, and the main controlling factors of fracture development were described at multiple scales. By integrating the analysis results of the well point fractures, a reservoir multiscale fracture network model was constructed, which agreed well with the fracture interpretation and production data from a single well.
Conclusion
The results showed that outcrop prototype geological model can provide important research ideas and a geological basis for subsurface reservoir fracture modelling.
- digital outcrop /
- prototype geological model /
- deep carbonate reservoir /
- fracture modeling /
- fractal dimension /
- multi-scale /
- subsurface fracture
注释:

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

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图 1 研究区位置及地层岩性

Figure 1. Location and stratigraphic system of the study area

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图 2 原型地质模型构建方法流程图

Figure 2. Flow chart of prototype geological model construction method

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图 3 克斯勒塔格山露头裂缝发育特征

Figure 3. Fracture characteristics of the outcrop in Kiziltag Mountain

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图 4 克斯勒塔格山裂缝采样统计(Ⅰ~Ⅵ均为测点号)

Figure 4. Sampling statistics results of fractures in Kiziltag Mountain

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图 5 断层-裂缝交切关系特征

Figure 5. Characteristics of fault-fracture intersection relation

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图 6 克斯勒塔格山大尺度裂缝模型

Figure 6. Large scale fracture model of Kiziltag Mountain

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图 7 克斯勒塔格山中尺度裂缝网络

Figure 7. Mesoscale fracture network model of Kiziltag Mountain

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图 8 小尺度裂缝发育综合概率体

Figure 8. Comprehensive probability volume of small-scale fracture

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图 9 克斯勒塔格山小尺度裂缝发育模型

Figure 9. Small scale fracture model of Kiziltag Mountain

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图 10 克斯勒塔格山原型地质模型

Figure 10. Prototype geological model of Kiziltag Mountain

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图 11 克斯勒塔格山原型地质模型验证分析

a.露头断层-缝裂提取；b.断层模拟结果; c.裂缝模拟结果

Figure 11. Verification and analysis of prototype geological model of Kiziltag Mountain

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图 12 跃满地区储层裂缝发育特征

a.裂缝走向玫瑰花图; b.裂缝倾角统计直方图

Figure 12. Characteristics of reservoir fractures in the Yueman area

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图 13 跃满地区裂缝约束模型

a.断层约束模型; b.储层岩性模型; c.应力强度模型; d.构造曲率模型

Figure 13. Fracture constraint model in the Yueman area

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图 14 跃满地区多尺度裂缝网络模型(D₁~D₄为井区的分段代号)

Figure 14. Multiscale fracture network model in the Yueman area

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图 15 实测裂缝密度与模拟裂缝密度对比

Figure 15. Comparison of the measured fracture density and simulated fracture density

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表 1 裂缝尺度三级划分标准

Table 1. Three-level division standard of the fracture scale

裂缝级别	裂缝长度/m	裂缝开度/mm	应力条件	其他
大尺度缝	> 100	> 1	区域应力场	具有微小断距的低级序断层
中尺度缝	[10,100]	[0.5, 1]	局部应力场	断距不明显的小断层或穿层的大裂缝，受隔层控制
小尺度缝	< 10	< 0.5	派生应力场	层内、岩心裂缝，受多夹层控制

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表 2 克斯勒塔格山断控裂缝密度统计

Table 2. Sampling statistics results of fractures in Kiziltag Mountain 裂缝密度/(条·m^-1)

测点号	距断层中心距离/m
	[0, 1)		[1, 5)		[5, 10)		[10, 20)		[20, 50)		[50, 100]
	左	右	左	右	左	右	左	右	左	右	左	右
Ⅰ	11.6	9.5	9.5	9.2	8.1	7.4	5.8	6.9	3.8	3.2	1.8	1.5
Ⅱ	10.5	10.2	8.4	8.1	6.2	6.6	4.8	4.4	2.1	2.0	3.1	0.8
Ⅲ	8.9	8.4	7.8	7.2	6.6	6.1	4.5	4.1	3.1	1.8	2.7	0.5
Ⅳ	7.6	7.4	6.5	5.8	4.1	3.4	3.2	3.9	2.2	2.8	1.8	1.2
Ⅴ	10.6	9.1	7.9	6.2	7.5	7.1	5.4	5.6	3.3	2.9	3.2	2.5
Ⅵ	7.1	7.2	6.9	6.1	4.4	4.8	3.9	3.4	1.2	1.5	1.9	0.9

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表 3 裂缝建模输入参数

Table 3. Fracture modeling input parameters

	1期裂缝	2期裂缝	3期裂缝
裂缝倾角/(°)	82	84	78
裂缝走向/(°)	315	220	5
Fisher分布κ值	40	30	10
最小裂缝长度/m	0.1	0.2	0.1
最大裂缝长度/m	90	85	80
幂律指数D	2.31	2.162	2.134
裂缝长宽比	2.5	2.5	2.5
裂缝线密度/(条·m^-1)	9.4	6.8	2.6
开度比例系数	10^-5	10^-5	10^-5

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